UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
x |
Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934: |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015
Commission file number 1-31763
KRONOS WORLDWIDE, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
DELAWARE |
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76-0294959 |
(State or other jurisdiction |
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(IRS Employer |
5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700
Dallas, Texas 75240-2697
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 233-1700
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |
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Name of each exchange on which registered |
Common stock ($.01 par value) |
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New York Stock Exchange |
No securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
Indicate by check mark:
If the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x
If the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
If disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Yes ¨ No x
Whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨
Whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of the 21.0 million shares of voting stock held by nonaffiliates of Kronos Worldwide, Inc. as of June 30, 2015 (the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently-completed second fiscal quarter) approximated $229.7 million.
As of February 29, 2016, 115,880,598 shares of the Registrant’s common stock were outstanding.
Documents incorporated by reference
The information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Statements in this Annual Report that are not historical facts are forward-looking in nature and represent management’s beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “believes,” “intends,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “anticipates,” “expects” or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we do not know if these expectations will be correct. Such statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results. Actual future results could differ materially from those predicted. The factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from those described herein are the risks and uncertainties discussed in this Annual Report and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC include, but are not limited to, the following:
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Future supply and demand for our products |
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The extent of the dependence of certain of our businesses on certain market sectors |
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The cyclicality of our business |
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Customer and producer inventory levels |
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Unexpected or earlier-than-expected industry capacity expansion |
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Changes in raw material and other operating costs (such as energy and ore costs) |
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Changes in the availability of raw materials (such as ore) |
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General global economic and political conditions (such as changes in the level of gross domestic product in various regions of the world and the impact of such changes on demand for TiO2) |
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Competitive products and substitute products |
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Customer and competitor strategies |
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Potential consolidation of our competitors |
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Potential consolidation of our customers |
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The impact of pricing and production decisions |
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Competitive technology positions |
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Potential difficulties in upgrading or implementing new accounting and manufacturing software systems |
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The introduction of trade barriers |
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Possible disruption of our business, or increases in our cost of doing business, resulting from terrorist activities or global conflicts |
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Fluctuations in currency exchange rates (such as changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and each of the euro, the Norwegian krone and the Canadian dollar), or possible disruptions to our business resulting from potential instability resulting from uncertainties associated with the euro or other currencies |
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Operating interruptions (including, but not limited to, labor disputes, leaks, natural disasters, fires, explosions, unscheduled or unplanned downtime, transportation interruptions and cyber attacks) |
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Our ability to renew or refinance credit facilities |
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Our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity |
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The ultimate outcome of income tax audits, tax settlement initiatives or other tax matters |
2
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Our ability to utilize income tax attributes, the benefits of which may not have been recognized under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria |
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Environmental matters (such as those requiring compliance with emission and discharge standards for existing and new facilities) |
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Government laws and regulations and possible changes therein |
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The ultimate resolution of pending litigation |
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Possible future litigation. |
Should one or more of these risks materialize (or the consequences of such a development worsen), or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results could differ materially from those forecasted or expected. We disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of changes in information, future events or otherwise.
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ITEM 1. |
BUSINESS |
General
Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (NYSE: KRO) (Kronos), a Delaware corporation, is a leading global producer and marketer of value-added titanium dioxide pigments, or TiO2, a base industrial product used in a wide range of applications. We, along with our distributors and agents, sell and provide technical services for our products to approximately 4,000 customers in 100 countries with the majority of sales in Europe and North America. We believe we have developed considerable expertise and efficiency in the manufacture, sale, shipment and service of our products in domestic and international markets.
TiO2 is a white inorganic pigment used in a wide range of products for its exceptional durability and its ability to impart whiteness, brightness and opacity. TiO2 is a critical component of everyday applications, such as coatings, plastics and paper, as well as many specialty products such as inks, food and cosmetics. TiO2 is widely considered to be superior to alternative white pigments in large part due to its hiding power (or opacity), which is the ability to cover or mask other materials effectively and efficiently. TiO2 is designed, marketed and sold based on specific end-use applications.
TiO2 is the largest commercially used whitening pigment because it has a high refractive rating, giving it more hiding power than any other commercially produced white pigment. In addition, TiO2 has excellent resistance to interaction with other chemicals, good thermal stability and resistance to ultraviolet degradation. Although there are other white pigments on the market, we believe there are no effective substitutes for TiO2 because no other white pigment has the physical properties for achieving comparable opacity and brightness or can be incorporated in as cost-effective a manner. Pigment extenders such as kaolin clays, calcium carbonate and polymeric opacifiers are used together with TiO2 in a number of end-use markets. However, these products are not able to duplicate the opacity performance characteristics of TiO2 and we believe these products are unlikely to have a significant impact on the use of TiO2.
TiO2 is considered a “quality-of-life” product. Demand for TiO2 has generally been driven by worldwide gross domestic product and has generally increased with rising standards of living in various regions of the world. According to industry estimates, TiO2 consumption has grown at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 3.0% since 1990. Per capita consumption of TiO2 in Western Europe and the United States far exceeds that in other areas of the world, and these regions are expected to continue to be the largest consumers of TiO2 on a per capita basis. We believe that Western Europe and North America currently account for approximately 20% and 18% of global TiO2 consumption, respectively. Markets for TiO2 are generally increasing in South America, Eastern Europe, the Asia Pacific region and China and we believe these are significant markets where we expect continued growth as economies in these regions continue to develop and quality-of-life products, including TiO2, experience greater demand.
At December 31, 2015, approximately 50% of our common stock was owned by Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI) and approximately 30% was owned by NL Industries, Inc. (NYSE: NL). Valhi also owns approximately 83% of NL Industries’ outstanding common stock. A wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran Corporation held approximately 93% of Valhi’s outstanding common stock. As discussed in Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, Lisa K. Simmons and Serena Simmons Connelly may be deemed to control Contran, Valhi, NL and us.
4
Including our predecessors, we have produced and marketed TiO2 in North America and Europe, our primary markets, for almost 100 years. We believe that we are the largest producer of TiO2 in Europe with approximately one-half of our sales volumes attributable to markets in Europe. The table below shows our market share for our significant markets, Europe and North America, for the last three years.
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2013 |
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2014 |
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2015 |
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Europe |
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18 |
% |
|
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18 |
% |
|
|
18 |
% |
North America |
|
|
18 |
% |
|
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17 |
% |
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|
15 |
% |
We believe we are the leading seller of TiO2 in several countries, including Germany, with an estimated 9% share of worldwide TiO2 sales volume in 2015. Overall, we are one of the top five producers of TiO2 in the world.
We offer our customers a broad portfolio of products that include over 40 different TiO2 pigment grades under the Kronos® trademark, which provide a variety of performance properties to meet customers’ specific requirements. Our major customers include domestic and international paint, plastics, decorative laminate and paper manufacturers. We ship TiO2 to our customers in either a powder or slurry form via rail, truck and/or ocean carrier. Sales of our core TiO2 pigments represented approximately 90% of our net sales in 2015. We and our agents and distributors primarily sell our products in three major end-use markets: coatings, plastics and paper.
The following tables show our approximate TiO2 sales volume by geographic region and end use for the year ended December 31, 2015:
Sales volumes percentages by geographic region |
|
Sales volumes percentages by end-use |
||||||
Europe |
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52 |
% |
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Coatings |
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55 |
% |
North America |
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29 |
% |
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Plastics |
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31 |
% |
Asia Pacific |
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8 |
% |
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Other |
|
9 |
% |
Rest of World |
|
11 |
% |
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Paper |
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5 |
% |
Some of the principal applications for our products include the following.
TiO2 for coatings - Our TiO2 is used to provide opacity, durability, tinting strength and brightness in industrial coatings, as well as coatings for commercial and residential interiors and exteriors, automobiles, aircraft, machines, appliances, traffic paint and other special purpose coatings. The amount of TiO2 used in coatings varies widely depending on the opacity, color and quality desired. In general, the higher the opacity requirement of the coating, the greater the TiO2 content.
TiO2 for plastics - We produce TiO2 pigments that improve the optical and physical properties in plastics, including whiteness and opacity. TiO2 is used to provide opacity in items such as containers and packaging materials, and vinyl products such as windows, door profiles and siding. TiO2 also generally provides hiding power, neutral undertone, brightness and surface durability for housewares, appliances, toys, computer cases and food packages. TiO2’s high brightness along with its opacity, is used in some engineering plastics to help mask their undesirable natural color. TiO2 is also used in masterbatch, which is a concentrate of TiO2 and other additives and is one of the largest uses for TiO2 in the plastics end-use market. In masterbatch, the TiO2 is dispersed at high concentrations into a plastic resin and is then used by manufacturers of plastic containers, bottles, packaging and agricultural films.
TiO2 for paper - Our TiO2 is used in the production of several types of paper, including laminate (decorative) paper, filled paper and coated paper to provide whiteness, brightness, opacity and color stability. Although we sell our TiO2 to all segments of the paper end-use market, our primary focus is on the TiO2 grades used in paper laminates, where several layers of paper are laminated together using melamine resin under high temperature and pressure. The top layer of paper contains TiO2 and plastic resin and is the layer that is printed with decorative patterns. Paper laminates are used to replace materials such as wood and tile for such applications as
5
counter tops, furniture and wallboard. TiO2 is beneficial in these applications because it assists in preventing the material from fading or changing color after prolonged exposure to sunlight and other weathering agents.
TiO2 for other applications - We produce TiO2 to improve the opacity and hiding power of printing inks. TiO2 allows inks to achieve very high print quality while not interfering with the technical requirements of printing machinery, including low abrasion, high printing speed and high temperatures. Our TiO2 is also used in textile applications where TiO2 functions as an opacifying and delustering agent. In man-made fibers such as rayon and polyester, TiO2 corrects an otherwise undesirable glossy and translucent appearance. Without the presence of TiO2, these materials would be unsuitable for use in many textile applications.
We produce high purity sulfate process anatase TiO2 used to provide opacity, whiteness and brightness in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products, such as skin cream, lipstick, eye shadow and toothpaste. Our TiO2 is also found in food products, such as candy and confectionaries, and in pet foods where it is used to obtain uniformity of color and appearance. In pharmaceuticals, our TiO2 is used commonly as a colorant in pill and capsule coatings as well as in liquid medicines to provide uniformity of color and appearance. Kronos® purified anatase grades meet the applicable requirements of the CTFA (Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrances Association), USP and BP (United States Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia) and the FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration).
Our TiO2 business is enhanced by the following three complementary businesses, which comprised approximately 10% of our net sales in 2015:
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We own and operate two ilmenite mines in Norway pursuant to a governmental concession with an unlimited term. Ilmenite is a raw material used directly as a feedstock by some sulfate-process TiO2 plants. We believe that we have a significant competitive advantage because our mines supply our feedstock requirements for all of our European sulfate-process plants. We also sell ilmenite ore to third parties, some of whom are our competitors, and we sell an ilmenite-based specialty product to the oil and gas industry. The mines have estimated ilmenite reserves that are expected to last at least 50 years. |
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We manufacture and sell iron-based chemicals, which are co-products and processed co-products of the sulfate and chloride process TiO2 pigment production. These co-product chemicals are marketed through our Ecochem division and are primarily used as treatment and conditioning agents for industrial effluents and municipal wastewater as well as in the manufacture of iron pigments, cement and agricultural products. |
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We manufacture and sell titanium oxychloride and titanyl sulfate, which are side-stream specialty products from the production of TiO2. Titanium oxychloride is used in specialty applications in the formulation of pearlescent pigments, production of electroceramic capacitors for cell phones and other electronic devices. Titanyl sulfate productions are used in pearlescent pigments, natural gas pipe and other specialty applications. |
6
Manufacturing, operations and properties
We produce TiO2 in two crystalline forms: rutile and anatase. Rutile TiO2 is manufactured using both a chloride production process and a sulfate production process, whereas anatase TiO2 is only produced using a sulfate production process. Manufacturers of many end-use applications can use either form, especially during periods of tight supply for TiO2. The chloride process is the preferred form for use in coatings and plastics, the two largest end-use markets. Due to environmental factors and customer considerations, the proportion of TiO2 industry sales represented by chloride process pigments has increased relative to sulfate process pigments, and in 2015, chloride process production facilities represented approximately 49% of industry capacity. The sulfate process is preferred for use in selected paper products, ceramics, rubber tires, man-made fibers, food products and cosmetics. Once an intermediate TiO2 pigment has been produced by either the chloride or sulfate process, it is “finished” into products with specific performance characteristics for particular end-use applications through proprietary processes involving various chemical surface treatments and intensive micronizing (milling).
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· |
Chloride process - The chloride process is a continuous process in which chlorine is used to extract rutile TiO2. The chloride process produces less waste than the sulfate process because much of the chlorine is recycled and feedstock bearing higher titanium content is used. The chloride process also has lower energy requirements and is less labor-intensive than the sulfate process, although the chloride process requires a higher-skilled labor force. The chloride process produces an intermediate base pigment with a wide range of properties. |
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· |
Sulfate process - The sulfate process is a batch process in which sulfuric acid is used to extract the TiO2 from ilmenite or titanium slag. After separation from the impurities in the ore (mainly iron), the TiO2 is precipitated and calcined to form an intermediate base pigment ready for sale or can be upgraded through finishing treatments. |
We produced 528,000 metric tons of TiO2 in 2015, up from the 511,000 metric tons we produced in 2014. Our production amounts include our share of the output produced by our TiO2 manufacturing joint venture discussed below in “TiO2 Manufacturing Joint Venture.” Our average production capacity utilization rates were approximately 86%, 92% and 95% of capacity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Our production utilization rates in 2013 were impacted by the previously-reported lockout at our Canadian production facility that began in June 2013. We operated our Canadian plant at approximately 15% of the plant’s capacity with non-union management employees during the lockout. Our production rates in 2014 were also impacted by such lockout, as restart of production at the facility did not begin until February 2014. Our production rates in 2014 and in the first quarter of 2015 were also impacted by the implementation of certain productivity-enhancing improvement projects at other facilities, as well as necessary improvements to ensure continued compliance with our permit regulations, which resulted in longer-than-normal maintenance shutdowns in some instances.
We operate four TiO2 plants in Europe (one in each of Leverkusen, Germany; Nordenham, Germany; Langerbrugge, Belgium; and Fredrikstad, Norway). In North America, we have a TiO2 plant in Varennes, Quebec, Canada and, through the manufacturing joint venture described below in “TiO2 Manufacturing Joint Venture,” a 50% interest in a TiO2 plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Our production capacity in 2015 was 555,000 metric tons, approximately three-fourths of which was from the chloride production process.
7
The following table presents the division of our expected 2016 manufacturing capacity by plant location and type of manufacturing process:
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% of capacity by TiO2 |
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Facility |
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Description |
|
Chloride |
|
Sulfate |
||||
Leverkusen, Germany (1) |
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TiO2 production, chloride and sulfate process, co-products |
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39 |
% |
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|
25 |
% |
Nordenham, Germany |
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TiO2 production, sulfate process, co-products |
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- |
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|
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39 |
|
Langerbrugge, Belgium |
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TiO2 production, chloride process, co-products, titanium chemicals products |
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21 |
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|
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- |
|
Fredrikstad, Norway (2) |
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TiO2 production, sulfate process, co-products |
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|
- |
|
|
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23 |
|
Varennes, Canada |
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TiO2 production, chloride and sulfate process, slurry facility, titanium chemicals products |
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|
21 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
Lake Charles, LA, US (3) |
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TiO2 production, chloride process |
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
- |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
100 |
% |
|
|
100 |
% |
(1) |
The Leverkusen facility is located within an extensive manufacturing complex owned by Bayer AG. We own the Leverkusen facility, which represents about one-third of our current TiO2 production capacity, but we lease the land under the facility from Bayer under a long-term agreement which expires in 2050. Lease payments are periodically negotiated with Bayer for periods of at least two years at a time. A majority-owned subsidiary of Bayer provides some raw materials including chlorine, auxiliary and operating materials, utilities and services necessary to operate the Leverkusen facility under separate supplies and services agreements. |
(2) |
The Fredrikstad plant is located on public land and is leased until 2063. |
(3) |
We operate the Lake Charles facility in a joint venture with Tioxide Americas LLC (Tioxide), a subsidiary of Huntsman Corporation and the amount indicated in the table above represents the share of TiO2 produced by the joint venture to which we are entitled. See Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements and “TiO2 Manufacturing Joint Venture.” |
We own the land underlying all of our principle production facilities unless otherwise indicated in the table above.
Our production capacity has increased by approximately 12% over the past ten years due to debottlenecking programs, with only moderate capital expenditures. We believe that our annual attainable production capacity for 2016 is approximately 555,000 metric tons, and we currently expect our production capacity rate will be at near-capacity levels in 2016.
We also operate two ilmenite mines in Norway pursuant to a governmental concession with an unlimited term. In addition, we operate a rutile slurry manufacturing plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana, which converts dry pigment manufactured for us at the Lake Charles TiO2 facility into a slurry form that is then shipped to customers.
We have various corporate and administrative offices located in the U.S., Germany, Norway, Canada and Belgium and various sales offices located in the U.S., Canada, Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
8
TiO2 Manufacturing Joint Venture
Kronos Louisiana, Inc., one of our subsidiaries, and Tioxide each own a 50% interest in a manufacturing joint venture, Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P., or LPC. LPC owns and operates a chloride-process TiO2 plant located in Lake Charles, Louisiana. We and Huntsman share production from the plant equally pursuant to separate offtake agreements, unless we and Huntsman otherwise agree (such as in 2015, when we purchased approximately 52% of the production from the plant).
A supervisory committee directs the business and affairs of the joint venture, including production and output decisions. This committee is composed of four members, two of whom we appoint and two of whom Huntsman appoints. Two general managers manage the operations of the joint venture acting under the direction of the supervisory committee. We appoint one general manager and Huntsman appoints the other.
The joint venture is not consolidated in our financial statements, because we do not control it. We account for our interest in the joint venture by the equity method. The joint venture operates on a break-even basis and therefore we do not have any equity in earnings of the joint venture. We are required to purchase one half of the TiO2 produced by the joint venture. All costs and capital expenditures are shared equally with Huntsman with the exception of feedstock (purchased natural rutile ore or slag) and packaging costs for the pigment grades produced. Our share of net costs is reported as cost of sales as the TiO2 is sold. See Notes 5 and 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Raw materials
The primary raw materials used in chloride process TiO2 are titanium-containing feedstock (purchased natural rutile ore or slag), chlorine and coke. Chlorine is available from a number of suppliers, while petroleum coke is available from a limited number of suppliers. Titanium-containing feedstock suitable for use in the chloride process is available from a limited but increasing number of suppliers principally in Australia, South Africa, Canada, India and the United States. We purchase chloride process grade slag from Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium Limited under a long-term supply contract that expires at the end of 2018, subject to two-year renewal periods if both parties agree. We also purchase upgraded slag from Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium Limited under a long-term supply contract that expires at the end of 2019. We purchase natural rutile ore under contracts primarily from Iluka Resources, Limited and Sierra Rutile Limited, all of which expire in 2016. In the past we have been, and we expect that we will continue to be, successful in obtaining short-term and long-term extensions to these and other existing supply contracts prior to their expiration. We expect the raw materials purchased under these contracts, and contracts that we may enter into, will meet our chloride process feedstock requirements over the next several years.
The primary raw materials used in sulfate process TiO2 are titanium-containing feedstock, primarily ilmenite or purchased sulfate grade slag and sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is available from a number of suppliers. Titanium-containing feedstock suitable for use in the sulfate process is available from a limited number of suppliers principally in Norway, Canada, Australia, India and South Africa. As one of the few vertically-integrated producers of sulfate process TiO2, we operate two rock ilmenite mines in Norway, which provided all of the feedstock for our European sulfate process TiO2 plants in 2015. We expect ilmenite production from our mines to meet our European sulfate process feedstock requirements for the foreseeable future. For our Canadian sulfate process plant, we purchase sulfate grade slag primarily from Rio Tinto Fer et Titane Inc. under a supply contract that renews annually, subject to termination upon twelve months written notice. We expect the raw materials purchased under these contracts, and contracts that we may enter into, to meet our sulfate process feedstock requirements over the next several years.
Many of our raw material contracts contain fixed quantities we are required to purchase, or specify a range of quantities within which we are required to purchase. The pricing under these agreements is generally negotiated quarterly.
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The following table summarizes our raw materials purchased or mined in 2015.
Production process/raw material |
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Raw materials procured or mined |
||
|
|
(In thousands of metric tons) |
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Chloride process plants - |
|
|
|
|
Purchased slag or rutile ore |
|
|
451 |
|
Sulfate process plants: |
|
|
|
|
Ilmenite ore mined and used internally |
|
|
323 |
|
Purchased slag |
|
|
10 |
|
Sales and marketing
Our marketing strategy is aimed at developing and maintaining strong customer relationships with new and existing accounts. Because TiO2 represents a significant raw material cost for our customers, the purchasing decisions are often made by our customers’ senior management. We work to maintain close relationships with the key decision makers, through in-depth and frequent in-person meetings. We endeavor to extend these commercial and technical relationships to multiple levels within our customers’ organization using our direct sales force and technical service group to accomplish this objective. We believe this has helped build customer loyalty to Kronos and strengthened our competitive position. Close cooperation and strong customer relationships enable us to stay closely attuned to trends in our customers’ businesses. Where appropriate, we work in conjunction with our customers to solve formulation or application problems by modifying specific product properties or developing new pigment grades. We also focus our sales and marketing efforts on those geographic and end-use market segments where we believe we can realize higher selling prices. This focus includes continuously reviewing and optimizing our customer and product portfolios.
Our marketing strategy is also aimed at working directly with customers to monitor the success of our products in their end-use applications, evaluate the need for improvements in product and process technology and identify opportunities to develop new product solutions for our customers. Our marketing staff closely coordinates with our sales force and technical specialists to ensure that the needs of our customers are met, and to help develop and commercialize new grades where appropriate.
We sell a majority of our products through our direct sales force operating from six sales offices in Europe and one sales office in North America. We also utilize sales agents and distributors who are authorized to sell our products in specific geographic areas. In Europe, our sales efforts are conducted primarily through our direct sales force and our sales agents. Our agents do not sell any TiO2 products other than Kronos® brand products. In North America, our sales are made primarily through our direct sales force and supported by a network of distributors. In addition to our direct sales force and sales agents, many of our sales agents also act as distributors to service our smaller customers in all regions. We offer customer and technical service to the customers who purchase our products through distributors as well as to our larger customers serviced by our direct sales force.
We sell to a diverse customer base with only one customer representing 10% or more of our sales in 2015 (Behr Process Corporation – 10%). Our largest ten customers accounted for approximately 34% of sales in 2015.
Neither our business as a whole nor any of our principal product groups is seasonal to any significant extent. However, TiO2 sales are generally higher in the second and third quarters of the year, due in part to the increase in paint production in the spring to meet demand during the spring and summer painting seasons. With certain exceptions, we have historically operated our production facilities at near full capacity rates throughout the entire year, which among other things helps to minimize our per-unit production costs. As a result, we normally will build inventories during the first and fourth quarters of each year, in order to maximize our product availability during the higher demand periods normally experienced in the second and third quarters.
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The TiO2 industry is highly competitive. We compete primarily on the basis of price, product quality, technical service and the availability of high performance pigment grades. Since TiO2 is not a traded commodity, its pricing is largely a product of negotiation between suppliers and their respective customers. Although certain TiO2 grades are considered specialty pigments, the majority of our grades and substantially all of our production are considered commodity pigments with price and availability being the most significant competitive factors along with quality and customer service. During 2015, we had an estimated 9% share of worldwide TiO2 sales volume, and based on sales volumes, we believe we are the leading seller of TiO2 in several countries, including Germany.
Our principal competitors are The Chemours Company, or Chemours (which was spun-off from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. into a separate publicly-traded company in 2015); Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. (a subsidiary of National Titanium Dioxide Company Ltd.), or Cristal; Huntsman Corporation; and Tronox Incorporated. The top five TiO2 producers (i.e. we and our four principal competitors) account for approximately 56% of the world’s production capacity. Huntsman completed its purchase of the TiO2 business of Sachtleben Chemie GmbH in 2014, and has also announced its intent to exit the TiO2 business by December 31, 2016. In February 2015, Huntsman announced a plan to reduce its TiO2 capacity by approximately 100,000 metric tons at one of its European sulfate process facilities. In August 2015, Chemours announced plans to close its plant in Delaware and shut down a production line at its facility in Tennessee, reducing its overall capacity by approximately 150,000 metric tons.
The following chart shows our estimate of worldwide production capacity in 2015:
Worldwide production capacity - 2015 |
|||
Chemours |
|
17 |
% |
Huntsman |
|
12 |
% |
Cristal |
|
12 |
% |
Kronos |
|
8 |
% |
Tronox |
|
7 |
% |
Other |
|
44 |
% |
Chemours has over one-half of total North American TiO2 production capacity and is our principal North American competitor.
Over the past ten years, we and our competitors increased industry capacity through debottlenecking projects, which in part compensated for the shut-down of various TiO2 plants in France, the United States, the United Kingdom and China. Chemours has announced the scheduled production start-up of a 200,000 metric ton line at its plant in Mexico in mid-2016. Although overall industry demand is expected to be generally higher in 2016 as compared to 2015 as a result of improving worldwide economic conditions, we do not expect any other significant efforts will be undertaken by us or our principal competitors to further increase capacity for the foreseeable future, other than through debottlenecking projects. If actual developments differ from our expectations, the TiO2 industry’s performance and that of our own could be unfavorably affected.
The TiO2 industry is characterized by high barriers to entry consisting of high capital costs, proprietary technology and significant lead times (typically three to five years in our experience) required to construct new facilities or to expand existing capacity. We believe it is unlikely any new TiO2 plants will be constructed in Europe or North America in the foreseeable future.
11
We employ scientists, chemists, process engineers and technicians who are engaged in research and development, process technology and quality assurance activities in Leverkusen, Germany. These individuals have the responsibility for improving our chloride and sulfate production processes, improving product quality and strengthening our competitive position by developing new applications. Our expenditures for these activities were approximately $18 million in 2013, $19 million in 2014 and $16 million in 2015. We expect to spend approximately $14 million on research and development in 2016.
We continually seek to improve the quality of our grades and have been successful at developing new grades for existing and new applications to meet the needs of our customers and increase product life cycles. Since 2010, we have added seven new grades for pigments and other applications.
Patents, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights
We have a comprehensive intellectual property protection strategy that includes obtaining, maintaining and enforcing our patents, primarily in the United States, Canada and Europe. We also protect our trademark and trade secret rights and have entered into license agreements with third parties concerning various intellectual property matters. We have also from time to time been involved in disputes over intellectual property.
Patents - We have obtained patents and have numerous patent applications pending that cover our products and the technology used in the manufacture of our products. Our patent strategy is important to us and our continuing business activities. In addition to maintaining our patent portfolio, we seek patent protection for our technical developments, principally in the United States, Canada and Europe. U.S. Patents are generally in effect for 20 years from the date of filing. Our U.S. patent portfolio includes patents having remaining terms ranging from one year to 19 years.
Trademarks and trade secrets - Our trademarks, including Kronos®, are covered by issued and/or pending registrations, including in Canada and the United States. We protect the trademarks that we use in connection with the products we manufacture and sell and have developed goodwill in connection with our long-term use of our trademarks. We conduct research activities in secret and we protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets through reasonable measures, including confidentiality agreements and security procedures, including data security. We rely upon unpatented proprietary knowledge and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. Our proprietary chloride production process is an important part of our technology and our business could be harmed if we fail to maintain confidentiality of our trade secrets used in this technology.
Employees
As of December 31, 2015, we employed the following number of people:
Europe |
|
1,890 |
|
Canada |
|
345 |
|
United States (1) |
|
45 |
|
Total |
|
2,280 |
|
|
(1) |
Excludes employees of our Louisiana joint venture. |
Certain employees at each of our production facilities are organized by labor unions. In Europe, our union employees are covered by master collective bargaining agreements for the chemical industry that are generally renewed annually. In Canada, our union employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires in June 2018. At December 31, 2015, approximately 87% of our worldwide workforce is organized under collective bargaining agreements. It is possible that there could be future work stoppages or other labor disruptions that could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
12
Regulatory and environmental matters
Our operations and properties are governed by various environmental laws and regulations, which are complex, change frequently and have tended to become stricter over time. These environmental laws govern, among other things, the generation, storage, handling, use and transportation of hazardous materials; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; and the health and safety of our employees. Certain of our operations are, or have been, engaged in the generation, storage, handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain of our past and current operations and products have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. We have implemented and continue to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. Our policy is to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all our facilities and to strive to improve our environmental performance. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements in environmental laws and enforcement policies, could adversely affect our operations, including production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of hazardous or toxic substances or require us to make capital and other expenditures to comply, and could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations or liquidity.
Our U.S. manufacturing operations are governed by federal, state and local environmental and worker health and safety laws and regulations. These include the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, or RCRA, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, or CERCLA, as well as the state counterparts of these statutes. Some of these laws hold current or previous owners or operators of real property liable for the costs of cleaning up contamination, even if these owners or operators did not know of, and were not responsible for, such contamination. These laws also assess liability on any person who arranges for the disposal or treatment of hazardous substances, regardless of whether the affected site is owned or operated by such person. Although we have not incurred and do not currently anticipate any material liabilities in connection with such environmental laws, we may be required to make expenditures for environmental remediation in the future.
While the laws regulating operations of industrial facilities in Europe vary from country to country, a common regulatory framework is provided by the European Union, or the EU. Germany and Belgium are members of the EU and follow its initiatives. Norway is not a member but generally patterns its environmental regulatory actions after the EU.
At our sulfate plant facilities in Germany, we recycle spent sulfuric acid either through contracts with third parties or at our own facilities. In addition, at our German locations we have a contract with a third-party to treat certain sulfate-process effluents. At our Norwegian plant, we ship spent acid to a third party location where it is used as a neutralization agent. These contracts may be terminated by either party after giving three or four years advance notice, depending on the contract.
From time to time, our facilities may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. and non-U.S. statutes. Typically we establish compliance programs to resolve these matters. Occasionally, we may pay penalties. To date such penalties have not involved amounts having a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We believe that all of our facilities are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws.
Our capital expenditures related to ongoing environmental compliance, protection and improvement programs, including capital expenditures which are primarily focused on increased operating efficiency but also result in improved environmental protection such as lower emissions from our manufacturing facilities, were $6.9 million in 2015 and are currently expected to be approximately $9 million in 2016.
Website and other available information
Our fiscal year ends December 31. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports are available on our website at kronostio2.com. These reports are available on the website, without charge, as soon as is reasonably practicable after we file or
13
furnish them electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Additional information regarding us, including our Audit Committee charter, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and our Corporate Governance Guidelines, can also be found at this website. Information contained on our website is not part of this report. We will also provide free copies of such documents upon written request. Such requests should be directed to the Corporate Secretary at our address on the cover page of this Form 10-K.
The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information about the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. We are an electronic filer and the SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
ITEM 1A. |
RISK FACTORS |
Below are certain risk factors associated with our business. See also certain risk factors discussed in Item 7- “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” In addition to the potential effect of these risk factors, any risk factor which could result in reduced earnings or operating losses, or reduced liquidity, could in turn adversely affect our ability to service our liabilities or pay dividends on our common stock or adversely affect the quoted market prices for our securities.
Demand for, and prices of, certain of our products are influenced by changing market conditions for our products, which may result in reduced earnings or in operating losses.
Approximately 90% of our revenues are attributable to sales of TiO2. Pricing within the global TiO2 industry over the long term is cyclical and changes in economic conditions, especially in Western industrialized nations, can significantly impact our earnings and operating cash flows. Historically, the markets for many of our products have experienced alternating periods of increasing and decreasing demand. Relative changes in the selling prices for our products are one of the main factors that affect the level of our profitability. In periods of increasing demand, our selling prices and profit margins generally will tend to increase, while in periods of decreasing demand our selling prices and profit margins generally tend to decrease. In addition, pricing may affect customer inventory levels as customers may from time to time accelerate purchases of TiO2 in advance of anticipated price increases or defer purchases of TiO2 in advance of anticipated price decreases. Our ability to further increase capacity without additional investment in greenfield or brownfield capacity increases may be limited and as a result, our profitability may become even more dependent upon the selling prices of our products.
The TiO2 industry is concentrated and highly competitive and we face price pressures in the markets in which we operate, which may result in reduced earnings or operating losses.
The global market in which we operate our business is concentrated with the top five TiO2 producers accounting for over 50% of the world’s production capacity and is highly competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors, such as price, product quality and service. Some of our competitors may be able to drive down prices for our products if their costs are lower than our costs. In addition, some of our competitors’ financial, technological and other resources may be greater than our resources and such competitors may be better able to withstand changes in market conditions. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. Further, consolidation of our competitors or customers may result in reduced demand for our products or make it more difficult for us to compete with our competitors. The occurrence of any of these events could result in reduced earnings or operating losses.
Higher costs or limited availability of our raw materials may reduce our earnings and decrease our liquidity. In addition, many of our raw material contracts contain fixed quantities we are required to purchase.
The number of sources for and availability of certain raw materials is specific to the particular geographical region in which a facility is located. For example, titanium-containing feedstocks suitable for use in our TiO2 facilities are available from a limited number of suppliers around the world. Political and economic instability in the countries from which we purchase our raw material supplies could adversely affect their availability. If our
14
worldwide vendors were unable to meet their contractual obligations and we were unable to obtain necessary raw materials, we could incur higher costs for raw materials or may be required to reduce production levels. We experienced significantly higher ore costs in 2012 which carried over into 2013. We have seen moderation in the purchase cost of third-party feedstock ore in 2013 and throughout 2014 and 2015, but such reductions did not begin to be significantly reflected in our cost of sales until the third quarter of 2013. We may also experience higher operating costs such as energy costs, which could affect our profitability. We may not always be able to increase our selling prices to offset the impact of any higher costs or reduced production levels, which could reduce our earnings and decrease our liquidity.
We have long-term supply contracts that provide for our TiO2 feedstock requirements that currently expire through 2019. While we believe we will be able to renew these contracts, there can be no assurance we will be successful in renewing these contracts or in obtaining long-term extensions to these contracts prior to expiration. Our current agreements (including those entered into through February 2016) require us to purchase certain minimum quantities of feedstock with minimum purchase commitments aggregating approximately $865 million in years subsequent to December 31, 2015. In addition, we have other long-term supply and service contracts that provide for various raw materials and services. These agreements require us to purchase certain minimum quantities or services with minimum purchase commitments aggregating approximately $147 million at December 31, 2015. Our commitments under these contracts could adversely affect our financial results if we significantly reduce our production and were unable to modify the contractual commitments.
Our leverage may impair our financial condition or limit our ability to operate our businesses.
As of December 31, 2015, our total consolidated debt was approximately $341.0 million, which relates primarily to a term loan entered into in February 2014. Our level of debt could have important consequences to our stockholders and creditors, including:
|
· |
making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our liabilities; |
|
· |
increasing our vulnerability to adverse general economic and industry conditions; |
|
· |
requiring that a portion of our cash flows from operations be used for the payment of interest on our debt, which reduces our ability to use our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, dividends on our common stock, acquisitions or general corporate requirements; |
|
· |
limiting the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us; |
|
· |
limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate requirements; |
|
· |
limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and |
|
· |
placing us at a competitive disadvantage relative to other less leveraged competitors. |
In addition to our indebtedness, at December 31, 2015 we are party to various lease and other agreements (including feedstock ore purchase contracts and other long-term supply and service contracts, as discussed above) pursuant to which, along with our indebtedness, we are committed to pay approximately $453 million in 2016. Our ability to make payments on and refinance our debt and to fund planned capital expenditures depends on our future ability to generate cash flow. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, our ability to borrow funds under our revolving credit facilities in the future will, in some instances, depend in part on our ability to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy certain financial covenants contained in the applicable credit agreement.
Our business may not generate cash flows from operating activities sufficient to enable us to pay our debts when they become due and to fund our other liquidity needs. As a result, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt before maturity. We may not be able to refinance any of our debt in a timely manner on favorable terms, if at all, in the current credit markets. Any inability to generate sufficient cash flows or to refinance our debt on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.
15
Global climate change legislation could negatively impact our financial results or limit our ability to operate our businesses.
We operate production facilities in several countries. In many of the countries in which we operate, legislation has been passed, or proposed legislation is being considered, to limit greenhouse gases through various means, including emissions permits and/or energy taxes. In several of our production facilities, we consume large amounts of energy, primarily electricity and natural gas. To date, the permit system in effect in the various countries in which we operate has not had a material adverse effect on our financial results. However, if further greenhouse gas legislation were to be enacted in one or more countries, it could negatively impact our future results from operations through increased costs of production, particularly as it relates to our energy requirements or our need to obtain emissions permits. If such increased costs of production were to materialize, we may be unable to pass price increases onto our customers to compensate for increased production costs, which may decrease our liquidity, operating income and results of operations.
ITEM 1B. |
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
None
ITEM 2. |
PROPERTIES |
Information on our properties is incorporated by reference to Item 1: Manufacturing, Operations and Properties above. Our corporate headquarters is located in Dallas, Texas. See Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our leases.
ITEM 3. |
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |
We are involved in various environmental, contractual, intellectual property, product liability and other claims and disputes incidental to our business. Information called for by this Item is incorporated by reference to Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 4. |
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES |
Not applicable
16
ITEM 5. |
MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS |
Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: KRO). As of February 29, 2016, there were approximately 2,200 holders of record of our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low closing per share sales price for our common stock for the periods indicated according to Bloomberg and dividends paid during such periods. On February 29, 2016 the closing price of our common stock was $6.37.
|
High |
|
|
Low |
|
|
Cash dividends paid |
|
|||
Year ended December 31, 2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter |
$ |
18.80 |
|
|
$ |
14.74 |
|
|
$ |
.15 |
|
Second Quarter |
|
16.96 |
|
|
|
14.29 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
Third Quarter |
|
16.00 |
|
|
|
13.78 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
Fourth Quarter |
|
13.87 |
|
|
|
11.88 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter |
$ |
13.07 |
|
|
$ |
11.12 |
|
|
$ |
.15 |
|
Second Quarter |
|
13.63 |
|
|
|
10.96 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
Third Quarter |
|
10.90 |
|
|
|
5.84 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
Fourth Quarter |
|
8.35 |
|
|
|
5.13 |
|
|
|
.15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January 1, 2016 through February 29, 2016 |
$ |
6.37 |
|
|
$ |
4.00 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
In February 2016, our board of directors declared a first quarter 2016 regular quarterly dividend of $.15 per share, payable on March 17, 2016 to stockholders of record as of March 7, 2016. The declaration and payment of future dividends is discretionary, and the amount, if any, will be dependent upon our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements for our business, the current long-term outlook for our business and other factors deemed relevant by our board. There are currently no restrictions on our ability to pay dividends, although provisions in certain credit agreements to which we are a party could in the future limit or restrict our ability to pay dividends.
In December 2010 our board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2.0 million shares of our common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately-negotiated transactions at unspecified prices and over an unspecified period of time. We have 1,951,000 shares available for repurchase under the plan at December 31, 2015. See Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
17
Set forth below is a table and line graph comparing the yearly change in our cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock against the cumulative total return of the S&P Composite 500 Stock Index and the S&P 500 Diversified Chemicals Index. The graph shows the value at December 31 of each year, assuming an original investment of $100 at December 31, 2010 and reinvestment of cash dividends and other distributions to stockholders.
|
2010 |
|
2011 |
|
2012 |
|
2013 |
|
2014 |
|
2015 |
||||||||||||
Kronos common stock |
$ |
100 |
|
|
$ |
89 |
|
|
$ |
99 |
|
|
$ |
101 |
|
|
$ |
72 |
|
|
$ |
34 |
|
S&P 500 Composite Stock Index |
|
100 |
|
|
|
102 |
|
|
|
118 |
|
|
|
157 |
|
|
|
178 |
|
|
|
181 |
|
S&P 500 Diversified Chemicals Index |
|
100 |
|
|
|
94 |
|
|
|
113 |
|
|
|
162 |
|
|
|
175 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
The information contained in the performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC, or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that the material be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate this performance graph by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act.
Equity compensation plan information
We have an equity compensation plan, which was approved by our stockholders, pursuant to which an aggregate of 200,000 shares of our common stock can be awarded to members of our board of directors. At December 31, 2015, 177,000 shares are available for award under this plan. See Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
18
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7 - “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
|
Years ended December 31, |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|||||
|
(In millions, except per share data and TiO2 operating statistics) |
|
|||||||||||||||||
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net sales |
$ |
1,943.3 |
|
|
$ |
1,976.3 |
|
|
$ |
1,732.4 |
|
|
$ |
1,651.9 |
|
|
$ |
1,348.8 |
|
Gross margin |
|
748.4 |
|
|
|
560.4 |
|
|
|
112.2 |
|
|
|
349.7 |
|
|
|
192.3 |
|
Income (loss) from operations |
|
546.5 |
|
|
|
359.6 |
|
|
|
(132.6 |
) |
|
|
149.7 |
|
|
|
(1.1 |
) |
Net income (loss) |
|
321.0 |
|
|
|
218.5 |
|
|
|
(102.0 |
) |
|
|
99.2 |
|
|
|
(173.6 |
) |
Net income (loss) per share (1) |
|
2.77 |
|
|
|
1.89 |
|
|
|
(.88 |
) |
|
|
.86 |
|
|
|
(1.50 |
) |
Cash dividends per share (1) |
|
1.075 |
|
|
|
.60 |
|
|
|
.60 |
|
|
|
.60 |
|
|
|
.60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BALANCE SHEET DATA (at year end): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets (2) (3) |
$ |
1,809.5 |
|
|
$ |
2,013.6 |
|
|
$ |
1,610.0 |
|
|
$ |
1,633.1 |
|
|
$ |
1,242.7 |
|
Notes payable and long-term debt including current maturities (2) |
|
363.9 |
|
|
|
396.2 |
|
|
|
183.5 |
|
|
|
343.6 |
|
|
|
341.0 |
|
Common stockholders' equity |
|
924.3 |
|
|
|
1,062.1 |
|
|
|
935.1 |
|
|
|
781.1 |
|
|
|
461.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW DATA: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash provided by (used in): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating activities |
$ |
295.6 |
|
|
$ |
76.9 |
|
|
$ |
130.4 |
|
|
$ |
87.7 |
|
|
$ |
52.1 |
|
Investing activities |
|
(218.1 |
) |
|
|
149.8 |
|
|
|
(68.2 |
) |
|
|
(54.0 |
) |
|
|
(46.8 |
) |
Financing activities |
|
(299.6 |
) |
|
|
(28.1 |
) |
|
|
(292.3 |
) |
|
|
89.6 |
|
|
|
(72.1 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TiO2 OPERATING STATISTICS: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales volume (4) |
|
503 |
|
|
|
470 |
|
|
|
498 |
|
|
|
496 |
|
|
|
525 |
|
Production volume (4) |
|
550 |
|
|
|
469 |
|
|
|
474 |
|
|
|
511 |
|
|
|
528 |
|
Production capacity at beginning of year (4) |
|
532 |
|
|
|
550 |
|
|
|
550 |
|
|
|
555 |
|
|
|
555 |
|
Production rate as a percentage of capacity |
|
103 |
% |
|
|
85 |
% |
|
|
86 |
% |
|
|
92 |
% |
|
|
95 |
% |
(1) |
In May 2011, we implemented a 2-for-1 stock split of our common stock effected in the form of a stock dividend. All per share disclosures above reflect this stock split. Cash dividends in 2011 include a $.50 per share special dividend paid to stockholders in the first quarter of 2011. See Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. |
(2) |
Prior period amounts have been reclassified to reflect the change in the balance sheet classifications of unamortized debt issuance costs effective December 31, 2015. See Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. As a result, deferred financing costs of $1.2 million at December 31, 2011, $3.9 million at December 31, 2012 and $5.0 million at December 31, 2014, previously recognized as a noncurrent asset, are now classified as a direct deduction from the carrying value of its related debt liability. |
(3) |
Prior period amounts have been reclassified to reflect the change in the balance sheet classification of deferred income taxes effective December 31, 2015. See Note 18 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. As a result, total assets decreased as compared to previously reported amounts by $13.2 million at December 31, 2011, $9.5 million at December 31, 2012, $9.1 million at December 31, 2013 and $4.4 million at December 31, 2014. |
(4) |
Metric tons in thousands |
19
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Business overview
We are a leading global producer and marketer of value-added TiO2. TiO2 is used for a variety of manufacturing applications, including plastics, paints, paper and other industrial products. During 2015, approximately one-half of our sales volumes were sold into European markets. We believe we are the largest producer of TiO2 in Europe with an estimated 18% share of European TiO2 sales volumes in 2015. In addition, we estimate we have a 15% share of North American TiO2 sales volumes in 2015. Our production facilities are located throughout Europe and North America.
We consider TiO2 to be a “quality of life” product, with demand affected by gross domestic product, or GDP, and overall economic conditions in our markets located in various regions of the world. Over the long-term, we expect demand for TiO2 will grow by 2% to 3% per year, consistent with our expectations for the long-term growth in GDP. However, even if we and our competitors maintain consistent shares of the worldwide market, demand for TiO2 in any interim or annual period may not change in the same proportion as the change in GDP, in part due to relative changes in the TiO2 inventory levels of our customers. We believe that our customers’ inventory levels are influenced in part by their expectation for future changes in market TiO2 selling prices as well as their expectation for future availability of product. Although certain of our TiO2 grades are considered specialty pigments, the majority of our grades and substantially all of our production are considered commodity pigment products with price and availability being the most significant competitive factors along with quality and customer service.
The factors having the most impact on our reported operating results are:
|
· |
Our TiO2 sales and production volumes, |
|
· |
TiO2 selling prices, |
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· |
Manufacturing costs, particularly raw materials such as third-party feedstock ore, maintenance and energy-related expenses, and |
|
· |
Currency exchange rates (particularly the exchange rate for the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, the Norwegian krone and the Canadian dollar). |
Our key performance indicators are our TiO2 average selling prices, our level of TiO2 sales and production volumes and the cost of our third-party feedstock ore. TiO2 selling prices generally follow industry trends and the selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures.
In addition, our effective income tax rate in both 2014 and 2015 was impacted by certain favorable and unfavorable developments discussed below.
Executive summary
We reported a net loss of $173.6 million, or $1.50 per share for 2015 compared to net income of $99.2 million, or $.86 per share for 2014. We reported a net loss in 2015 primarily due to lower income from operations, the recognition of an aggregate $159.0 million non-cash deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to our German and Belgian operations, the recognition of an aggregate $12.0 million pre-tax other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charge on our investment in a marketable equity security, and a $21.7 million charge associated with the implementation of certain workforce reductions. Comparability of our results was also impacted by lower average selling prices in 2015, partially offset by the favorable effects of higher sales volumes, lower manufacturing and other production costs (primarily raw materials) and the net effect of changes in currency exchange rates.
20
We reported net income of $99.2 million, or $.86 per share for 2014 compared to a net loss of $102.0 million, or $.88 per share for 2013. We reported net income in 2014 compared to a loss in 2013 principally due to improved results from operations primarily resulting from lower raw material costs and higher production volumes, partially offset by lower average selling prices in 2014 as well as a 2013 litigation settlement charge and unabsorbed fixed production and other costs associated with the labor lockout at our Canadian plant as further discussed below.
Our net loss in 2015 includes:
|
· |
the recognition of an aggregate non-cash deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to our German and Belgian operations of $159.0 million ($1.37 per share), mostly recognized in the second quarter, |
|
· |
the third quarter recognition of an aggregate pre-tax OTTI loss on our investment in a marketable equity security of $12.0 million ($7.8 million, or $.07 per share, net of income tax benefit), and |
|
· |
a pre-tax charge of $21.7 million ($18.5 million, or $.16 per share, net of income tax benefit) related to workforce reduction costs, mostly recognized in the second quarter. |
Our net income in 2014 includes an aggregate non-cash income tax benefit of $5.1 million ($.04 per share) related to a net reduction in our reserve for uncertain tax positions (mostly in the second quarter).
Our net loss in 2013 includes:
|
· |
a pre-tax litigation settlement charge of $35 million ($22.5 million, or $.19 per share, net of income tax benefit), |
|
· |
approximately $28 million aggregate costs ($21 million, or $.18 per share, net of income tax benefit) related to unabsorbed fixed production and other costs as a result of the Canadian plant lockout, and costs associated with the terms of a new collective bargaining agreement reached with our Canadian workforce, and |
|
· |
an aggregate charge of $8.9 million ($5.8 million, or $.05 per share, net of income tax benefit) related to the voluntary prepayment of $390 million principal amount of our term loan, consisting of the write-off of original issue discount costs and deferred financing costs. |
Critical accounting policies and estimates
The accompanying “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reported period. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the recoverability of long-lived assets, pension and other postretirement benefit obligations and the underlying actuarial assumptions related thereto, the realization of deferred income tax assets and accruals for litigation, income tax and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results may differ significantly from previously-estimated amounts under different assumptions or conditions.
The following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
21
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required in estimating such cash flows. Adverse changes in such estimates of future net cash flows or estimates of fair value could result in an inability to recover the carrying value of the long-lived asset, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge to be recognized in the future. We do not assess our property and equipment for impairment unless certain impairment indicators specified in ASC Topic 360-10-35 are present. We did not evaluate any long-lived assets for impairment during 2015 because no such impairment indicators were present. |
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· |
Benefit plans - We maintain various defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefits other than pensions, or OPEB, plans. The amounts recognized as defined benefit pension and OPEB expenses and the reported amounts of pension asset and accrued pension and OPEB costs are actuarially determined based on several assumptions, including discount rates, expected rates of return on plan assets, expected health care trend rates and expected mortality. Variances from these actuarially assumed rates will result in increases or decreases, as applicable, in the recognized pension and OPEB obligations, pension and OPEB expenses and funding requirements. These assumptions are more fully described below under “Defined Benefit Pension Plans” and “OPEB Plans.” |
|
· |
Income taxes - We recognize deferred taxes for future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities for each tax-paying jurisdiction in which we operate are netted and presented as either a noncurrent deferred income tax asset or liability, as applicable. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred income tax assets to the amount that is believed to be realized under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance, it is possible that we may change our estimate of the amount of the deferred income tax assets that would more-likely-than-not be realized in the future, resulting in an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance that would either increase or decrease, as applicable, reported net income in the period such change in estimate was made. |
For example, at December 31, 2015 we have substantial net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards in Germany (the equivalent of $683 million for German corporate purposes and $96 million for German trade tax purposes) and in Belgium (the equivalent of $86 million for Belgian corporate tax purposes), all of which have an indefinite carryforward period. As a result, we have net deferred income tax assets with respect to these two jurisdictions, primarily related to these NOL carryforwards. The German corporate tax is similar to the U.S. federal income tax, and the German trade tax is similar to the U.S. state income tax.
Prior to June 30, 2015, and using all available evidence, we had concluded no deferred income tax asset valuation allowance was required to be recognized with respect to these net deferred income tax assets under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria, primarily because (i) the carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period, (ii) we utilized a portion of such carryforwards during the most recent three-year period, and (iii) we expect to utilize the remainder of the carryforwards over the long term. We had also previously indicated that facts and circumstances could change, which might in the future result in the recognition of a valuation allowance against some or all of such deferred income tax assets. However, as of June 30, 2015, and given our operating results during the second quarter of 2015 and our expectations at that time for our operating results for the remainder of 2015, which as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report have been driven in large part by the trend in our average TiO2 selling prices over such periods as well as the $21.1 million pre-tax charge recognized in the second quarter of 2015 in connection with the implementation of certain workforce reductions, we did not have sufficient positive evidence to overcome the significant negative evidence of having cumulative losses in the most recent twelve consecutive quarters in both our German and Belgian jurisdictions at June 30, 2015 (even considering that the carryforward period of our German and Belgian NOL carryforwards is indefinite, one piece of positive evidence). Accordingly, at June 30, 2015, we concluded that we were required to recognize a non-cash deferred income tax asset valuation allowance under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria with respect to our German and Belgian net deferred income tax assets. Such valuation allowance aggregated $150.3 million at June 30, 2015. We recognized an additional $8.7 million non-cash deferred income tax asset valuation allowance under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria during the second half of 2015, due to losses recognized by our German and Belgian operations during such period.
22
We record a reserve for uncertain tax positions where we believe it is more-likely-than-not our tax positions will not prevail with the applicable tax authorities. It is possible that in the future we may change our assessment regarding the probability that our tax positions will prevail that would require an adjustment to the amount of our reserve for uncertain tax positions that could either increase or decrease, as applicable, reported net income in the period the change in assessment was made.
In addition, we evaluate at the end of each reporting period as to whether or not some or all of the undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are permanently reinvested (as that term is defined in GAAP). While we may have concluded in the past that some of such undistributed earnings are permanently reinvested, facts and circumstances can change in the future and it is possible that a change in facts and circumstances, such as a change in the expectation regarding the capital needs of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, could result in a conclusion that some or all of such undistributed earnings are no longer permanently reinvested. In such an event, we would be required to recognize a deferred income tax liability in an amount equal to the estimated incremental U.S. income tax and withholding tax liability that would be generated if all of such previously-considered permanently reinvested undistributed earnings were to be distributed to the U.S.
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· |
Contingencies - We record accruals for legal and other contingencies when estimated future expenditures associated with such contingencies and commitments become probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. However, new information may become available or circumstances (such as applicable laws and regulations) may change, thereby resulting in an increase or decrease in the amount required to be accrued for such matters (and therefore a decrease or increase in reported net income in the period of such change). |
Results from operations is impacted by certain of these and other significant judgments and estimates, such as allowance for doubtful accounts, reserves for obsolete or unmarketable inventories, impairment of equity method investments and long-lived assets, defined benefit pension plans and loss accruals. In addition, net income is impacted by the significant judgments and estimates for deferred income tax asset valuation allowances and loss accruals.
Comparison of 2015 to 2014 Results of Operations
|
Year ended December 31, |
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|||||||||||||
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
(Dollars in millions) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Net sales |
$ |
1,651.9 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
% |
$ |
1,348.8 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
% |
Cost of sales |
|
1,302.2 |
|
|
|
79 |
|
|
|
1,156.5 |
|
|
|
86 |
|
|
Gross margin |
|
349.7 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
192.3 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
Other operating expense, net |
|
200.0 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
193.4 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
Income (loss) from operations |
$ |
149.7 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
% |
$ |
(1.1 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% Change |
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|
|
TiO2 operating statistics: |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales volumes* |
496 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
525 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
% |
|
Production volumes* |
511 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
528 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
% |
|
Percentage change in net sales: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TiO2 product pricing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(14 |
) |
% |
TiO2 sales volumes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
TiO2 product mix |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2 |
) |
|
Changes in currency exchange rates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(8 |
) |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(18 |
) |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Thousands of metric tons |
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23
Industry conditions and 2015 overview – Due to competitive pressures, our average TiO2 selling prices decreased throughout 2014 and 2015. Our average selling prices at the end of 2015 were 17% lower than at the end of 2014, with lower prices in all major markets, most notably in North American and certain export markets. Our average selling prices in 2015 were also impacted by a higher percentage of sales to lower-priced export markets in 2015 compared to 2014. We experienced higher sales volumes in European and export markets in 2015 as compared to 2014, partially offset by lower volumes in North American markets in 2015 as compared to 2014.
The following table shows our capacity utilization rates during 2014 and 2015.
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter |
90 |
% |
|
|
93 |
% |
|
Second Quarter |
97 |
% |
|
|
100 |
% |
|
Third Quarter |
96 |
% |
|
|
95 |
% |
|
Fourth Quarter |
86 |
% |
|
|
92 |
% |
|
Overall |
92 |
% |
|
|
95 |
% |
|
Our production capacity utilization rates in the first quarter of 2014 were impacted by a union labor lockout at our Canadian production facility that ended in December 2013, as restart of production at the facility did not begin until February 2014. Our production rates in the fourth quarter of 2014 and the first and fourth quarters of 2015 were impacted by the implementation of certain productivity-enhancing improvement projects at certain facilities, as well as necessary improvements to ensure continued compliance with our permit regulations, which resulted in longer-than-normal maintenance shutdowns in some instances.
We continued to experience moderation in the cost of TiO2 feedstock ore procured from third parties in 2014 and 2015. Given the time lag between when third-party feedstock ore is procured and when the TiO2 product produced with such ore is sold and recognized in our cost of sales, our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold declined throughout 2014 and 2015. Consequently, our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in 2015 was slightly lower than our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in 2014 (excluding the effect of changes in currency exchange rates).
In the second quarter of 2015, we initiated a restructuring plan designed to improve our long-term cost structure. A portion of such expected cost savings are planned to occur through workforce reductions. During the second, third and fourth quarters of 2015, we implemented certain voluntary and involuntary workforce reductions at certain of our facilities impacting approximately 160 individuals. We recognized an aggregate $21.7 million charge in 2015 (substantially all of which was recognized in the second quarter) for such workforce reductions we had implemented through December 31, 2015, $10.8 million of which is classified as part of cost of sales and $10.9 million of which is classified in selling, general and administrative expense. The charge associated with the workforce reductions implemented in the third and fourth quarters of 2015, which impacted approximately 50 individuals, was not material due to the applicable law affecting such individuals, which generally provides for a short notice period (if any) and the payment of a nominal amount of severance (if any). See Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net sales - Our net sales decreased 18% or $303.1 million in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily due to the net effect of a 14% decrease in average TiO2 selling prices (which decreased net sales by approximately $231 million) and a 6% increase in sales volumes (which increased net sales by approximately $99 million). TiO2 selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures, changes in the relative level of supply and demand as well as changes in raw material and other manufacturing costs.
Our sales volumes increased primarily due to higher sales in certain European and export markets, partially offset by lower sales in North American markets. We estimate that changes in currency exchange rates decreased our net sales by approximately $138 million, or 8%, as compared to 2014.
Cost of sales - Cost of sales decreased $145.7 million or 11% in 2015 compared to 2014 due to the net impact of lower raw materials and other production costs of approximately $26 million (primarily caused by the lower third-party feedstock ore costs, as discussed above), a 3% increase in TiO2 production volumes and currency
24
fluctuations (primarily the euro). In addition, cost of sales in 2015 includes approximately $10.8 million of severance costs related to the workforce reduction plan discussed above.
Our cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased to 86% in 2015 compared to 79% in 2014, as the unfavorable impact of lower average selling prices and the workforce reduction charge more than offset the favorable effects of lower raw material costs and efficiencies related to higher production volumes, as discussed above.
Gross margin and income (loss) from operations - Income from operations decreased by $150.8 million, from income of $149.7 million in 2014 to a loss from operations of $1.1 million in 2015. Income (loss) from operations as a percentage of net sales decreased to (1)% in 2015 from 9% in 2014. This decrease was driven by the decline in gross margin, which decreased to 14% in 2015 compared to 21% in 2014, as well as the negative impact of the workforce reduction charge classified as part of other operating expense ($10.9 million). As discussed and quantified above, our gross margin decreased primarily due to the net effect of lower selling prices, workforce reduction costs classified as part of cost of sales ($10.8 million), lower manufacturing costs (primarily raw materials), higher production volumes, and higher sales volumes. We estimate that changes in currency exchange rates increased income from operations by approximately $40 million in 2015 as compared to 2014.
Selling, general and administrative expenses were approximately 13% and 12% of net sales for 2015 and 2014, respectively. As discussed above, the relative increase in 2015 is primarily due to the workforce reduction charge classified as part of selling, general and administrative expense ($10.9 million).
Other non-operating income (expense) – We recognized a $12.0 million pre-tax impairment charge in the third quarter of 2015 due to other-than-temporary impairment on our investment in a marketable equity security available for sale. See Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Interest expense increased $1.5 million from $17.0 million in 2014 to $18.5 million in 2015 primarily due to higher average debt levels mostly offset by lower average interest rates in 2015. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income tax expense - We recognized income tax expense of $142.8 million in 2015 compared to income tax expense of $34.5 million in 2014. As discussed above in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” subsection, our income tax expense in 2015 includes an aggregate non-cash deferred income tax expense of $159.0 million related to the recognition of a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance for our German and Belgian operations (mostly recognized in the second quarter). We continue to believe we will ultimately realize the full benefit of our German and Belgian NOL carryforwards, in part because of their indefinite carryforward period. However, our ability to reverse all or a portion of such valuation allowance in the future is dependent on the presence of sufficient positive evidence, such as the existence of cumulative profits in the most recent twelve consecutive quarters, and the ability to demonstrate future profitability for a sustainable period. Until such time as we are able to reverse the valuation allowance in full, to the extent we generate additional losses in Germany or Belgium in the intervening periods, our effective income tax rate would be impacted by the existence of such valuation allowance, because such losses would effectively be recognized without any associated net income tax benefit, as such losses would result in a further increase in the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance. Alternatively, until such time as we are able to reverse the valuation allowance in full, to the extent we generate income in Germany or Belgium in the intervening periods, our effective income tax rate would also be impacted by the existence of such valuation allowance, because such income would effectively be recognized without any associated net income tax expense, as we would reverse a portion of the valuation allowance to offset the income tax expense attributable to such income. In addition, any change in tax law related to the indefinite carryforward period of these NOLs could adversely impact our ability to reverse the valuation allowance in full. Consistent with our expectation regarding our consolidated results of operations in 2016 (as discussed below under the “Outlook” subsection), we currently believe it is likely our German and Belgian operations will report improved operating results in 2016 as compared to 2015. However, we currently do not expect that our German and Belgian operating results would improve to such an extent in 2016 that reversal of the valuation allowance in full would be supported by the presence of sufficient positive evidence.
25
In 2014, our income tax expense was favorably impacted by an aggregate non-cash income tax benefit of $5.1 million related to a net reduction in our reserve for uncertain tax positions. Our earnings are subject to income tax in various U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions, and the income tax rates applicable to our pre-tax earnings (losses) of our non-U.S. operations are generally lower than the income tax rates applicable to our U.S. operations. Excluding the impact of the net reduction in our reserve for uncertain tax positions in 2014, our effective tax rate in such period was lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 35% primarily due to our non-U.S. earnings. Our effective income tax rate in 2015, excluding the impact of the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance, was higher than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 35%, primarily due to a current U.S. income tax benefit attributable to current year losses of one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. See Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a tabular reconciliation of our statutory income tax provision to our actual tax provision.
Comparison of 2014 to 2013 Results of Operations
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
(Dollars in millions) |
|
|
|||||||||||||
Net sales |
$ |
1,732.4 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
% |
$ |
1,651.9 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
% |
Cost of sales |
|
1,620.2 |
|
|
|
94 |
|
|
|
1,302.2 |
|
|
|
79 |
|
|
Gross margin |
|
112.2 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
349.7 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
Other operating expense, net |
|
244.8 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
200.0 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
Income (loss) from operations |
$ |
(132.6 |
) |
|
|
(8 |
) |
% |
$ |
149.7 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% Change |
|
|
|
TiO2 operating statistics: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sales volumes* |
498 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
496 |
|
|
|
- |
|
% |
|
Production volumes* |
474 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
511 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
% |
|
Percentage change in net sales: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TiO2 product pricing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(6 |
) |
% |
TiO2 sales volumes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
TiO2 product mix |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
Changes in currency exchange rates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(5 |
) |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Thousands of metric tons |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net sales - Our net sales decreased 5% or $80.5 million in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due a 6% decrease in average TiO2 selling prices (which decreased net sales by approximately $104 million). TiO2 selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures, changes in the relative level of supply and demand as well as changes in raw material and other manufacturing costs.
Our sales volumes in 2014 remained relatively stable compared to 2013 as slightly higher sales in Europe were offset by lower sales in certain export markets. In addition, we estimate the favorable effect of changes in currency exchange rates increased our net sales by approximately $12 million, or 1%, as compared to 2013.
Cost of sales - Cost of sales decreased $318.0 million or 20% in 2014 compared to 2013 due to the net impact of lower raw materials and other production costs of approximately $250 million (primarily caused by the lower third-party feedstock ore costs, as discussed above), an 8% increase in TiO2 production volumes and currency fluctuations (primarily the euro). Our cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased to 79% in 2014 compared to 94% in 2013, primarily due to the net effects of lower raw material and other production costs and the lower average TiO2 selling prices discussed above. In addition, cost of sales in 2013 includes approximately $19 million of unabsorbed fixed production and other manufacturing costs associated with the lockout at the Canadian TiO2 production facility and approximately $9 million of one-time costs resulting from the terms of the new collective
26
bargaining agreement for our Canadian workforce, each of which were charged directly to cost of sales as discussed below.
Unionized employees in our Canadian TiO2 production facility were covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expired June 15, 2013. The Canadian facility represents approximately 19% of our worldwide TiO2 production capacity. The union employees represented by the Confederation des Syndicat National (CSN) rejected our revised global offer, and we declared a lockout of unionized employees upon the expiration of the existing contract. Effective the end of November 2013, a new collective bargaining agreement was reached with CSN and production at the facility resumed in February 2014. During the lockout we operated our Canadian plant at approximately 15% of the plant’s capacity with non-union management employees. The reduction in our TiO2 production volumes at our Canadian facility resulted in approximately $19 million of unabsorbed fixed production and other manufacturing costs that were charged directly to cost of sales. In addition, we recognized approximately $9 million in expenses associated with reaching a new collective bargaining agreement, consisting of a net $7 million non-cash charge due to the curtailment of one of our Canadian defined benefit pension plans and our Canadian other postretirement benefit plan and approximately $2 million of severance and other back-to-work expenses.
Other operating expense, net – Other operating expense in 2013 includes a previously-reported third quarter litigation settlement charge of $35 million.
Gross margin and income (loss) from operations - Income from operations increased by $282.3 million from a loss of $132.6 million in 2013 to income of $149.7 in 2014. Income (loss) from operations as a percentage of net sales increased to 9% in 2014 from (8)% in 2013. This increase was driven by the improvement in gross margin, which increased to 21% in 2014 compared to 6% in 2013 and by the 2013 litigation settlement charge as discussed above. As discussed and quantified above, our gross margin increased primarily due to the net effect of lower manufacturing costs (primarily raw materials), lower selling prices, higher production volumes and 2013 costs associated with reaching a new Canadian collective bargaining agreement and related unabsorbed fixed costs charged directly to cost of sales. Additionally, changes in currency exchange rates have positively affected our gross margin and income from operations. We estimate that changes in currency exchange rates increased income from operations by approximately $42 million in 2014 as compared to 2013.
As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses were relatively consistent at approximately 12% and 11% for 2014 and 2013 respectively.
Other non-operating income (expense) – In 2013, we recognized an aggregate $8.9 million pre-tax charge, consisting of the write-off of unamortized original issue discount costs and deferred financing costs related to the voluntary prepayment of our prior term loan by $290 million in the first quarter of 2013 and the remaining $100 million in the third quarter of 2013. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Interest expense decreased $2.6 million from $19.6 million in 2013 to $17.0 million in 2014 primarily due to lower average interest rates on outstanding borrowings in 2014 partially offset by higher average debt levels. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income tax expense (benefit) - We recognized income tax expense of $34.5 million in 2014 compared to an income tax benefit of $57.9 million in 2013. This difference is primarily due to our increased earnings in 2014. In addition, our income tax expense in 2014 was favorably impacted by an aggregate non-cash income tax benefit of $5.1 million related to a net reduction in our reserve for uncertain tax positions. See Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a tabular reconciliation of our statutory income tax provision to our actual tax provision.
Effects of currency exchange rates
We have substantial operations and assets located outside the United States (primarily in Germany, Belgium, Norway and Canada). The majority of our sales from non-U.S. operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, other major European currencies and the Canadian dollar. A portion of our sales generated from our non-U.S. operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar (and consequently our non-
27
U.S. operations will generally hold U.S. dollars from time to time). Certain raw materials used worldwide, primarily titanium-containing feedstocks, are purchased primarily in U.S. dollars, while labor and other production costs are purchased primarily in local currencies. Consequently, the translated U.S. dollar value of our non-U.S. sales and operating results are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may favorably or unfavorably impact reported earnings and may affect the comparability of period-to-period operating results. In addition to the impact of the translation of sales and expenses over time, our non-U.S. operations also generate currency transaction gains and losses which primarily relate to (i) the difference between the currency exchange rates in effect when non-local currency sales or operating costs (primarily U.S. dollar denominated) are initially accrued and when such amounts are settled with the non-local currency, (ii) changes in currency exchange rates during time periods when our non-U.S. operations are holding non-local currency (primarily U.S. dollars), and (iii) relative changes in the aggregate fair value of currency forward contracts held from time to time. As discussed in Note 16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, we periodically use currency forward contracts to manage a portion of our currency exchange risk, and relative changes in the aggregate fair value of any currency forward contracts we hold from time to time serves in part to mitigate the currency transaction gains or losses we would otherwise recognize from the first two items described above.
Overall, we estimate that fluctuations in currency exchange rates had the following effects on our sales and income from operations for the periods indicated.
Impact of changes in currency exchange rates - 2015 vs. 2014 |
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Translation |
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gain/loss- |
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Total currency |
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Transaction gains/(losses) recognized |
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impact of |
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impact |
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2014 |
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2015 |
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Change |
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rate changes |
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2015 vs. 2014 |
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(In millions) |
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Impact on: |
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Net sales |
$ |
- |
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$ |
- |
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$ |
- |
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$ |
(138 |
) |
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$ |
(138 |
) |
Income from operations |
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4 |
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- |
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(4 |
) |
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44 |
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40 |
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The $138 million reduction in net sales (translation loss) was caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, as our euro-denominated sales were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2015 as compared to 2014. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone in 2015 did not have a significant effect on the reported amount of our net sales, as a substantial portion of the sales generated by our Canadian and Norwegian operations are denominated in the U.S. dollar.
The $40 million increase in income from operations comprised the following net effects:
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A reduction in the amount of net currency transaction gains during the two periods of approximately $4 million. Such net currency transaction gains (losses) result primarily from U.S. dollar-denominated receivables and U.S. dollar currency held by our non-U.S. operations, which are translated into the applicable local currency at each balance sheet date. During 2014, a relative strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro and the Norwegian krone gave rise to a net $4 million currency transaction gain, whereas we recognized a nominal currency transaction loss during 2015, and |
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· |
Approximately $44 million from net currency translation gains caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone, as their local currency-denominated operating costs were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2015 as compared to 2014. Overall, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro in 2015 did not have a significant impact on our income from operations, as the reduction in net sales caused by such strengthening was substantially offset by the effect of our euro-denominated operating costs being translated into fewer U.S. dollars. |
28
Impact of changes in currency exchange rates - 2014 vs. 2013 |
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Translation |
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gain/loss- |
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Total currency |
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Transaction gains/(losses) recognized |
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impact of |
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impact |
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2013 |
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2014 |
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Change |
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rate changes |
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2014 vs. 2013 |
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(In millions) |
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Impact on: |
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Net sales |
$ |
- |
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$ |
- |
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$ |
- |
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$ |
12 |
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$ |
12 |
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Income from operations |
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(4 |
) |
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4 |
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8 |
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34 |
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42 |
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The $12 million increase in net sales (translation gain) was caused primarily by a weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, as our euro-denominated sales were translated into more U.S. dollars in 2014 as compared to 2013. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone in 2014 did not have a significant effect on the reported amount of our net sales, as a substantial portion of the sales generated by our Canadian and Norwegian operations are denominated in the U.S. dollar.
The $42 million increase in income from operations comprised the following net effects:
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An increase in the amount of net currency transaction gains (losses) during the two periods of approximately $8 million. Such net currency transaction gains (losses) result primarily from U.S. dollar-denominated receivables and U.S. dollar currency held by our non-U.S. operations, which are translated into the applicable local currency at each balance sheet date. During 2013, a relative strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the krone, partially offset by a relative weakening of the USD to the euro, gave rise to a net $4 million currency transaction loss, whereas we recognized a $4 million currency transaction gain during 2014, and |
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Approximately $34 million from net currency translation gains caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone, as their local currency-denominated operating costs were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2014 as compared to 2013, and the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro in 2014 as their U.S. dollar denominated raw materials purchases resulted in a favorable currency impact relative to 2013. |
Outlook
During 2015 we operated our production facilities at 95% of practical capacity compared to 92% in 2014. We expect our production volumes to be higher in 2016 as compared to 2015, as our production rates in 2015 were impacted by the implementation of certain productivity-enhancing improvement projects at certain facilities, as well as necessary improvements to ensure continued compliance with our permit regulations, which resulted in longer-than-normal maintenance shutdowns in some instances. Assuming economic conditions do not deteriorate in the various regions of the world, we expect our sales volumes to be higher in 2016 as compared to 2015. We will continue to monitor current and anticipated near-term customer demand levels and align our production and inventories accordingly.
We continued to experience moderation in the cost of TiO2 feedstock ore procured from third parties in 2014 and 2015. Given the time lag between when third-party feedstock ore is procured and when the TiO2 product produced with such ore is sold and recognized in our cost of sales, our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in 2015 was slightly lower than our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in 2014 (excluding the effect of changes in currency exchange rates). We expect our cost of sales per metric ton of TiO2 sold in 2016 will be lower than our per-metric ton cost in 2015, due in part to the favorable effect of the workforce reductions and other cost reduction initiatives we are undertaking as well as some modest improvement in the cost of feedstock ore.
We started 2015 with selling prices 9% lower than the beginning of 2014, and prices declined by an additional 17% during 2015. Industry data indicates that overall TiO2 inventory held by producers has declined significantly during 2015. In addition, we believe most customers hold very low inventories of TiO2 with many
29
operating on a just-in-time basis. With the improvement in sales volumes experienced in 2015, we continue to see evidence of strengthening demand for our TiO2 products in certain of our primary markets. We and our major competitors announced a price increase in late 2015, which is expected to be implemented in the first quarter of 2016, or as contracts allow. The extent to which we will be able to achieve any price increases in the near term will depend on market conditions.
We initiated a restructuring plan in 2015 designed to improve our long-term cost structure. A portion of such expected cost savings is planned to occur through workforce reductions. During 2015, we implemented certain voluntary and involuntary workforce reductions at certain of our facilities impacting approximately 160 individuals. As of December 31, 2015 we have recognized an aggregate $21.7 million charge for such workforce reductions we had implemented through that date, $10.8 million of which is classified as part of cost of sales and $10.9 million of which is classified in selling, general and administrative expense. The workforce reductions we have implemented through December 31, 2015 are not expected to negatively impact our ability to operate our production facilities at their practical capacity rates.
In addition to the workforce reductions implemented through December 31, 2015, we are also in the process of implementing other cost reduction initiatives throughout the organization, including the implementation of continued process productivity improvements. The workforce reductions we have implemented through December 31, 2015, combined with certain open positions that are not expected to be filled and cost savings expected to be realized from our other cost reduction initiatives we are undertaking, are expected to result in a payback of the aggregate workforce reduction charge accrued at December 31, 2015 within approximately one year, the benefit of which we began to recognize in the second half of 2015.
Overall, we expect income from operations in 2016 will be higher as compared to 2015 as a result of:
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the favorable effects of anticipated higher sales and production volumes in 2015, |
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the favorable effect of lower-cost feedstock ore, and |
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the expected cost savings from workforce reductions and other cost reduction initiatives throughout the organization. |
However, given, among other things, the level of our average selling prices at the beginning of 2016, we believe it is possible we would report a loss from operations in the first quarter of 2016.
Due to the constraints of high capital costs and extended lead time associated with adding significant new TiO2 production capacity, especially for premium grades of TiO2 products produced from the chloride process, we believe increased and sustained profit margins will be necessary to financially justify major expansions of TiO2 production capacity required to meet expected future growth in demand. As a result of customer decisions over the last year and the resulting adverse effect on global TiO2 pricing, some industry projects to increase TiO2 production capacity have been cancelled or deferred indefinitely, and announcements have been made regarding the closure of certain facilities. Given the lead time required for production capacity expansions, a shortage of TiO2 products could occur if economic conditions improve and global demand levels for TiO2 increase sufficiently.
Our expectations for our future operating results are based upon a number of factors beyond our control, including worldwide growth of gross domestic product, competition in the marketplace, continued operation of competitors, unexpected or earlier-than-expected capacity additions or reductions and technological advances. If actual developments differ from our expectations, our results of operations could be unfavorably affected.
30
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Consolidated cash flows
Operating activities
Trends in cash flows as a result of our operating activities (excluding the impact of significant asset dispositions and relative changes in assets and liabilities) are generally similar to trends in our earnings. In addition to the impact of the operating, investing and financing cash flows discussed below, changes in the amount of cash and cash equivalents we report from year to year can be impacted by changes in currency exchange rates, since a portion of our cash and cash equivalents is held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. For example, during 2015, relative changes in currency exchange rates resulted in an $8.4 million decrease in the reported amount of our cash and cash equivalents compared to $9.4 million decrease in 2014 and a $1.2 million increase in 2013.
Cash provided by operating activities was $52.1 million in 2015 compared to $87.7 million in 2014. This $35.6 million decrease was primarily due to the net effects of the following:
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lower income from operations in 2015 of $150.8 million, |
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lower cash used in 2015 of $122.6 million associated with relative changes in our inventories, receivables, prepaids, payables and accruals, |
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· |
lower net cash paid for income taxes in 2015 of $16.1 million due to decreased profits, |
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· |
lower net distributions from our TiO2 joint venture in 2015 of $4.1 million, primarily due to the timing of the joint venture’s working capital needs, and |
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· |
higher cash paid for interest in 2015 of $1.9 million, primarily due to higher average debt levels mostly offset by lower average interest rates on borrowings. |
Cash provided by operating activities was $87.7 million in 2014 compared to $130.4 million in 2013. This $42.7 million decrease was primarily due to the net effects of the following:
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· |
higher income from operations in 2014 of $282.3 million, |
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· |
net cash used in 2014 of $106.1 million associated with relative changes in our inventories, receivables, prepaids, payables and accruals as compared to net cash provided by such relative changes in 2013 of $219.8 million, primarily due to a significant amount of cash provided by relative changes in our inventories in 2013 resulting principally from lower inventory costs, |
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· |
lower net cash paid for income taxes in 2014 of $15.7 million due to the timing of payments, |
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· |
lower cash paid for interest in 2014 of $3.9 million, primarily due to lower average interest rates on borrowings, and |
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· |
lower cash funding of pension plans in 2014 of $6.9 million. |
Changes in working capital are affected by accounts receivable and inventory changes. As shown below:
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· |
Our average days sales outstanding, or DSO, increased from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 due to higher sales volume in 2015, partially offset by the effect of lower sales prices in the fourth quarter of 2015 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2014, and |
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Our average days sales in inventory, or DSI, increased from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015, due to higher inventory volumes offset by lower inventory raw material costs. |
For comparative purposes, we have provided prior year numbers below.
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December 31, 2013 |
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December 31, 2014 |
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December 31, 2015 |
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Days sales outstanding |
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62 days |
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61 days |
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66 days |
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Days sales in inventory |
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75 days |
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76 days |
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80 days |
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31
Investing activities
Our capital expenditures were $67.6 million in 2013, $61.2 million in 2014 and $47.1 in 2015. Capital expenditures are primarily incurred to maintain and improve the cost effectiveness of our manufacturing facilities. In addition, approximately $5 million of our 2015 capital expenditure relates to the implementation of a new accounting and manufacturing system. Our capital expenditures during the past three years include an aggregate of approximately $44.0 million (including $6.9 million in 2015) for our ongoing environmental protection and compliance programs. We had a net reduction in restricted cash of $7.2 million in 2014, principally related to the release of certain restricted cash deposits upon the cancellation of certain letters of credit issued in connection with the appeal of a Canadian income tax assessment which was completed in our favor. See Notes 9 and 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Financing activities
During 2015, we paid quarterly dividends aggregating $.60 per share ($69.5 million).
During 2014, we:
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· |
borrowed $348.3 million on our new term loan and subsequently repaid $2.6 million, |
|
· |
repaid $170.0 million under our note payable with Contran, |
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· |
borrowed $81.0 million on our revolving North American credit facility and subsequently repaid $92.1 million, |
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· |
borrowed $1.1 million from a Canadian economic development agency, and |
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paid quarterly dividends to stockholders aggregating $.60 per share ($69.5 million). |
During 2013, we:
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· |
voluntarily prepaid $390.0 million principal amount on our prior term loan, |
|
· |
borrowed $190.0 million and subsequently repaid $20 million on our note payable with Contran entered into in February 2013, |
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· |
borrowed $162.1 million and subsequently repaid $151.0 million on our revolving North American credit facility, |
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· |
borrowed €10 million ($12.8 million when borrowed) on our European credit facility and subsequently repaid an aggregate €20 million ($26.5 million when repaid), |
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borrowed $1.7 million from a Canadian economic development agency, |
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purchased 49,000 shares of our common stock in open market transactions for $.7 million, and |
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paid quarterly dividends to stockholders aggregating $.60 per share ($69.5 million). |
In February 2016, our board of directors declared a first quarter 2016 regular quarterly dividend of $.15 per share, payable March 17, 2016 to stockholders of record as of March 7, 2016.
Outstanding debt obligations and borrowing availability
At December 31, 2015, our consolidated debt comprised:
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· |
$343.9 million aggregate borrowing under our term loan ($338.0 million carrying amount, net of unamortized original issue discount and debt issuance costs) due in February 2020, and |
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approximately $3.0 million of other indebtedness. |
32
Our North American and European revolvers and our term loan contain a number of covenants and restrictions which, among other things, restrict our ability to incur additional debt, incur liens, pay dividends or merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer substantially all of our assets to, another entity, and contains other provisions and restrictive covenants customary in lending transactions of this type. Certain of our credit agreements contain provisions which could result in the acceleration of indebtedness prior to their stated maturity for reasons other than defaults for failure to comply with typical financial or payment covenants. For example, certain credit agreements allow the lender to accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness upon a change of control (as defined in the agreement) of the borrower. In addition, certain credit agreements could result in the acceleration of all or a portion of the indebtedness following a sale of assets outside the ordinary course of business. Our European revolving credit facility also requires the maintenance of certain financial ratios, and one of such requirements is based on the ratio of net debt to the last twelve months EBITDA of the borrowers. The terms of all of our debt instruments (including revolving lines of credit for which we have no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2015) are discussed in Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. We are in compliance with all of our debt covenants at December 31, 2015. We believe that we will be able to continue to comply with the financial covenants contained in our credit facilities through their maturity.
In addition to the outstanding indebtedness indicated above, at December 31, 2015 we had $68.3 million available for borrowing under our North American revolving credit facility, and we could borrow all such available amount without violating any of the facility’s covenants. At December 31, 2015, based upon the last twelve months EBITDA and the net debt to EBITDA financial test for our European revolving credit facility, our borrowing availability under such facility is approximately 19% of the credit facility, or €23.1 million ($25.3 million).
Our assets consist primarily of investments in operating subsidiaries, and our ability to service parent-level obligations depends in part upon the distribution of earnings of our subsidiaries, whether in the form of dividends, advances or payments on account of intercompany obligations or otherwise. Our term loan is collateralized, by, among other things, a first priority lien on (i) 100% of the common stock of certain of our U.S. wholly-owned subsidiaries, (ii) 65% of the common stock or other ownership interest of our Canadian subsidiary (Kronos Canada, Inc.) and certain first-tier European subsidiaries (Kronos Titan GmbH and Kronos Denmark ApS) and (iii) a $395.7 million unsecured promissory note issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Kronos International, Inc. (KII). The term loan is also collateralized by a second priority lien on our U.S. assets which collateralize our North American revolving facility. Our North American revolving credit facility is collateralized by, among other things, a first priority lien on the borrower’s trade receivables and inventories. Our European revolving credit facility is collateralized by, among other things, the accounts receivable and inventories of the borrowers plus a limited pledge of all the other assets of the Belgian borrower. See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Liquidity