UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
Form 10-Q

 
(Mark One)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2016
 
OR
 
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from                     to                    
 
1-35573
(Commission file number)
 
TRONOX LIMITED
(ACN 153 348 111)
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
 
Western Australia, Australia
 
98-1026700
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
     
 
263 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 1100
Stamford, Connecticut 06901
  
Lot 22, Mason Road,
Kwinana Beach, WA, 6167
Australia
 
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (203) 705-3800
 
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer
☒
Accelerated filer
☐
       
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No   ☒
 
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
 
As of July 29, 2016, the Registrant had 65,060,072. Class A ordinary shares and 51,154,280 Class B ordinary shares outstanding.
 
Table of Contents

 
Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
  
3
39
50
51
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
52
52
52
52
52
52
53
54
 
2
Item 1.
Financial Statements (Unaudited)

 
Page
No.
   
4
5
6
7
8
9
 
3
TRONOX LIMITED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)
 
   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Net sales
  
$
537
    
$
617
    
$
1,012
    
$
1,002
  
Cost of goods sold
    
480
      
593
      
935
      
943
  
                                 
Gross profit
    
57
      
24
      
77
      
59
  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    
(50
)
    
(72
)
    
(97
)
    
(116
)
Restructuring income (expenses)
    
1
      
(2
)
    
(1
)
    
(2
)
                                 
Income (loss) from operations
    
8
      
(50
)
    
(21
)
    
(59
)
Interest and debt expense, net
    
(46
)
    
(52
)
    
(92
)
    
(86
)
Gain on extinguishment of debt
    
—
      
—
      
4
      
—
  
Other income (expense), net
    
—
      
(5
)
    
(9
)
    
(1
)
                                 
Loss before income taxes
    
(38
)
    
(107
)
    
(118
)
    
(146
)
Income tax provision
    
(10
)
    
(11
)
    
(22
)
    
(18
)
                                 
Net loss
    
(48
)
    
(118
)
    
(140
)
    
(164
)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
    
2
      
1
      
1
      
4
  
                                 
Net loss attributable to Tronox Limited
  
$
(50
)
  
$
(119
)
  
$
(141
)
  
$
(168
)
                                 
Loss per share, basic and diluted
  
$
(0.42
)
  
$
(1.03
)
  
$
(1.21
)
  
$
(1.45
)
                                 
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted (in thousands)
    
116,184
      
115,569
      
116,052
      
115,472
  
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
4
TRONOX LIMITED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Net loss
  
$
(48
)
  
$
(118
)
  
$
(140
)
  
$
(164
)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
                                
Foreign currency translation adjustments
    
—
      
11
      
53
      
(52
)
Retirement and postretirement plans, net of taxes of less than $1 million in each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
    
—
      
1
      
1
      
2
  
Unrealized gains on derivative financial instruments, (no tax impact; See Note 4)
    
2
      
—
      
2
      
—
  
                                 
Other comprehensive income (loss)
    
2
      
12
      
56
      
(50
)
                                 
Total comprehensive loss
    
(46
)
    
(106
)
    
(84
)
    
(214
)
                                 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest:
                                
Net income
    
2
      
1
      
1
      
4
  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
    
—
      
1
      
13
      
(14
)
                                 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest
    
2
      
2
      
14
      
(10
)
                                 
Comprehensive loss attributable to Tronox Limited
  
$
(48
)
  
$
(108
)
  
$
(98
)
  
$
(204
)
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
5
TRONOX LIMITED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
ASSETS
            
Current Assets
            
Cash and cash equivalents
  
$
188
    
$
229
  
Restricted cash
    
3
      
5
  
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts
    
405
      
391
  
Inventories, net
    
566
      
630
  
Prepaid and other assets
    
42
      
46
  
                 
Total current assets
    
1,204
      
1,301
  
Noncurrent Assets
                
Property, plant and equipment, net
    
1,832
      
1,843
  
Mineral leaseholds, net
    
1,602
      
1,604
  
Intangible assets, net
    
232
      
244
  
Inventories, net
    
—
      
12
  
Other long-term assets
    
23
      
23
  
                 
Total assets
  
$
4,893
    
$
5,027
  
                 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
                
Current Liabilities
                
Accounts payable
  
$
159
    
$
159
  
Accrued liabilities
    
156
      
180
  
Short-term debt
    
150
      
150
  
Long-term debt due within one year
    
16
      
16
  
Income taxes payable
    
54
      
43
  
                 
Total current liabilities
    
535
      
548
  
Noncurrent Liabilities
                
Long-term debt
    
2,889
      
2,910
  
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefits
    
137
      
141
  
Asset retirement obligations
    
75
      
77
  
Long-term deferred tax liabilities
    
148
      
143
  
Other long-term liabilities
    
109
      
98
  
                 
Total liabilities
    
3,893
      
3,917
  
                 
Contingencies and Commitments
                
Shareholders’ Equity
                
Tronox Limited Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.01 — 65,878,206 shares issued and 65,030,835 share outstanding at June 30, 2016 and 65,443,363 shares issued and 64,521,851 shares outstanding at December 31, 2015
    
1
      
1
  
Tronox Limited Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.01 — 51,154,280 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015
    
—
      
—
  
Capital in excess of par value
    
1,510
      
1,500
  
(Accumulated deficit) / retained earnings
    
(84
)
    
93
  
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
    
(553
)
    
(596
)
                 
Total Tronox Limited shareholders’ equity
    
874
      
998
  
Noncontrolling interest
    
126
      
112
  
                 
Total equity
    
1,000
      
1,110
  
                 
Total liabilities and equity
  
$
4,893
    
$
5,027
  
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
6
TRONOX LIMITED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

   
Six Months
Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
            
Net loss
  
$
(140
)
  
$
(164
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
                
Depreciation, depletion and amortization
    
115
      
140
  
Deferred income taxes
    
(3
)
    
(2
)
Share-based compensation expense
    
10
      
13
  
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and discount on debt
    
5
      
5
  
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefit expense
    
3
      
1
  
Gain on extinguishment of debt
    
(4
)
    
—
  
Other noncash items affecting net loss
    
7
      
14
  
Contributions to employee pension and postretirement plans
    
(9
)
    
(8
)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
                
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable
    
(12
)
    
(52
)
(Increase) decrease in inventories
    
86
      
53
  
(Increase) decrease in prepaid and other assets
    
(2
)
    
7
  
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities
    
(20
)
    
1
  
Increase (decrease) in taxes payable
    
20
      
4
  
Other, net
    
13
      
1
  
                 
Cash provided by operating activities
    
69
      
13
  
                 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
                
Capital expenditures
    
(55
)
    
(93
)
Proceeds on sale of assets
    
1
      
—
  
Acquisition of business
    
—
      
(1,653
)
                 
Cash used in investing activities
    
(54
)
    
(1,746
)
                 
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
                
Repayments of debt
    
(23
)
    
(9
)
Proceeds from debt
    
—
      
750
  
Debt issuance costs
    
—
      
(15
)
Dividends paid
    
(35
)
    
(59
)
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants and options
    
—
      
3
  
                 
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities
    
(58
)
    
670
  
                 
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
    
2
      
(8
)
                 
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents
    
(41
)
    
(1,071
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
    
229
      
1,276
  
                 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
  
$
188
    
$
205
  
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
7
TRONOX LIMITED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

   
Tronox
Limited
Class A
Ordinary
Shares
    
Tronox
Limited
Class B
Ordinary
Shares
    
Capital in
Excess of
par Value
    
Accumulated
Deficit/
Retained
Earnings
    
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
    
Total
Tronox
Limited
Shareholders’
Equity
    
Non-
controlling
Interest
    
Total
Equity
  
Balance at January 1, 2016
  
$
1
    
$
—
    
$
1,500
    
$
93
    
$
(596
)
  
$
998
    
$
112
    
$
1,110
  
Net loss
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
(141
)
    
—
      
(141
)
    
1
      
(140
)
Other comprehensive loss
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
—
      
43
      
43
      
13
      
56
  
Share-based compensation
    
—
      
—
      
10
      
—
      
—
      
10
      
—
      
10
  
Class A and Class B share dividends
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
(36
)
    
—
      
(36
)
    
—
      
(36
)
                                                                 
Balance at June 30, 2016
  
$
1
    
$
—
    
$
1,510
    
$
(84
)
  
$
(553
)
  
$
874
    
$
126
    
$
1,000
  
 
See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
8
TRONOX LIMITED
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars, except share, per share and metric tons data or unless otherwise noted)
 
1.
The Company

Tronox Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “Tronox,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a public limited company registered under the laws of the State of Western Australia. We are a global leader in the production and marketing of titanium bearing mineral sands and titanium dioxide (“TiO2 ”) pigment, and the world’s largest producer of natural soda ash. Titanium feedstock is primarily used to manufacture TiO2 . Zircon, a hard, glossy mineral, is used for the manufacture of ceramics, refractories, TV screen glass, and a range of other industrial and chemical products. Pig iron is a metal material used in the steel and metal casting industries to create wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Our TiO2 products are critical components of everyday applications such as paint and other coatings, plastics, paper, and other uses and our related mineral sands product streams include titanium feedstock, zircon, and pig iron. Our soda ash products are used by customers in the glass, detergent, and chemicals manufacturing industries.

We have global operations in North America, Europe, South Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. Within our TiO2 segment, we operate three pigment production facilities at the following locations: Hamilton, Mississippi; Botlek, The Netherlands; and Kwinana, Western Australia, and we operate three separate mining operations: KwaZulu-Natal (“KZN”) Sands and Namakwa Sands both located in South Africa, and Cooljarloo located in Western Australia.

On April 1, 2015 (the “Alkali Transaction Date”), we completed the acquisition of 100% of the Alkali Chemicals business (“Alkali”) from FMC Corporation (“FMC”) for an aggregate purchase price of $1.65 billion in cash (the “Alkali Transaction”).  See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Alkali Transaction.

As a result of the Alkali Transaction, we produce natural soda ash from a mineral called trona, which we mine at two facilities we own near Green River, Wyoming. Our Wyoming facilities process the trona ore into chemically pure soda ash and specialty sodium products such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). We sell soda ash directly to customers in the United States, Canada and Europe and to the American Natural Soda Ash Corporation (“ANSAC”), a non-profit foreign sales association in which we and two other United States (“U.S.”) soda ash producers are members, for resale to customers elsewhere around the world. We use a portion of our soda ash at Green River to produce specialty sodium products such as sodium bicarbonate and sodium sesquicarbonate that have uses in food, animal feed, pharmaceutical, and medical applications.

In June 2012, Tronox Limited issued Class B ordinary shares (“Class B Shares”) to Exxaro Resources Limited (“Exxaro”) and one of its subsidiaries in consideration for 74% of Exxaro’s South African mineral sands business, and the existing business of Tronox Incorporated was combined with the mineral sands business in an integrated series of transactions whereby Tronox Limited became the parent company (the “Exxaro Transaction”). Exxaro has agreed not to acquire any voting shares of Tronox Limited if, following such acquisition, Exxaro will have a voting interest in Tronox Limited of 50% or more unless Exxaro brings any proposal to make such an acquisition to the Board of Directors of Tronox Limited on a confidential basis. In the event an agreement regarding the proposal is not reached, Exxaro is permitted to make a takeover offer for all the shares of Tronox Limited not held by affiliates of Exxaro, subject to certain non-waivable conditions. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Exxaro held approximately 44% of the voting securities of Tronox Limited. See Note 20 for additional information regarding Exxaro transactions.
 
Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements, and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

In management’s opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair statement. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all majority-owned subsidiary companies. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the manner and presentation in the current period.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. It is at least reasonably possible that the effect on the financial statements of a change in estimate due to one or more future confirming events could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments (“ASU 2015-16”). ASU 2015-16 simplifies the accounting for measurement-period adjustments by eliminating the requirement to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments. The new guidance requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. We adopted ASU 2015-16 during the first quarter of 2016. The adoption of ASU 2015-16 did not have an impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, Interest – Imputation of Interest (“ASU 2015-15”) and in April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest— Imputation of Interest (“ASU 2015-03”). ASU 2015-15 and ASU 2015 - 03 change and simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs. ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts.  ASU 2015-15 stated that it would also be acceptable to present debt issuance costs related to a line of credit arrangement as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of debt. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in this ASU. We adopted these standards retroactively during the first quarter of 2016.  The adoption of ASU 2015-03 resulted in decreases to long-term debt and other long term assets as of December 31, 2015 of $45 million. The adoption of ASU 2015-15 did not have an impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.  As of June 30, 2016, debt issuance costs of $40 million are presented as a decrease to long-term debt and $4 million are presented as other long-term assets.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Consolidation: Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (“ASU 2015-02”). ASU 2015-02 changes the consolidation evaluation for entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. The standard permits the use of a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption, or a reporting entity may also apply the amendments retrospectively. We adopted ASU 2015-02 during the first quarter of 2016.  The adoption of ASU 2015-02 did not an impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires that entities use a current expected credit loss model which is a new impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under this model, an entity would recognize an impairment allowance equal to its current estimate of all contractual cash flows that the entity does not expect to collect from financial assets measured at amortized cost. The entity's estimate would consider relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ASU 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We have not yet determined the impact, if any, that ASU 2016-13 will have on our financial statements.
 
In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”), which do not change the core principles of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), but clarify the guidance on assessing collectability, presenting sales taxes, measuring noncash consideration and certain transition matters. ASU 2016-12 should be adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2014-09. We have not yet determined the impact, if any, that ASU 2016-12 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”), which clarifies identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance. ASU 2016-10 should be adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2014-09. We have not yet determined the impact, if any, that ASU 2016-10 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2016-09”), which amends Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. ASU 2016-09, simplifies various aspects related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements including income taxes and forfeitures of awards. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period, with any adjustments reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. We have not yet determined the impact that ASU 2016-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) (“ASU 2016-08”), that clarifies that an entity is a principal when it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to the customer, and is an agent when it does not control the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer. The effective date for ASU 2016-08 is the same as the effective date of ASU 2014-09. ASU 2015-14 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of Effective Date) deferred the effective date of Update 2014-09 to interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted only as of interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We have not yet determined the impact, if any, that ASU 2016-08 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-05, Derivatives and Hedging: Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“ASU 2016-05”), which clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument in an existing hedging relationship would not, in and of itself, be considered a termination of the derivative instrument or a change in a critical term of the hedging relationship. As long as all other hedge accounting criteria in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”) are met, a hedging relationship in which the hedging derivative instrument is novated would not be discontinued or require redesignation. This clarification applies to both cash flow and fair value hedging relationships. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We have not yet determined the impact, if any, that ASU 2016-05 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) which includes a lessee accounting model that recognizes two types of leases - finance leases and operating leases. The standard requires that a lessee recognize on the balance sheet assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee will depend on its classification as a finance or an operating lease. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition, and provides for certain practical expedients. Transition will require application of the new guidance at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. We have not yet determined the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, as part of its simplification initiative, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 simplifies the subsequent measurement of inventory by requiring entities to remeasure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. This ASU does not apply to inventory measured using the Last-in, First-Out or the retail inventory method. We are required to adopt this standard in the first quarter of 2017. This standard is required to be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual period. The adoption of ASU 2015-11 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which states that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and may be applied either retrospectively or on a modified retrospective basis. We have not yet determined the impact that ASU 2014-9 will have on our consolidated financial statements.
 
11
2.
Restructuring Expenses
 
As part of our cost improvement initiative, in November 2015 we ceased production at our sodium chlorate plant in Hamilton, Mississippi, (the “Sodium Chlorate Plant Restructure”) resulting in a reduction in our workforce of approximately 50 employees. This action resulted in a charge, consisting primarily of employee severance costs, of $4 million, which was recorded in “Restructuring expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations of which $1 million was paid during 2015. During the three months and six months ended June 30, 2016, we made cash payments of less than $1 million and $2 million, respectively. We expect to pay the remaining amount of less than $1 million liability over the next six months.

In 2015, as part of our commitment to reduce operating costs and working capital, we commenced a global restructuring of our TiO2 segment, ( the  “Global TiO2 Restructure”), which we expect to complete during the second half of 2016. A portion of this initiative involves a reduction in our global TiO2 workforce by approximately 500 employees and outside contractor positions. The restructuring seeks to streamline the operations of our TiO2 segment in order to create a more commercially and operationally efficient business segment. This action resulted in a charge, consisting of employee severance and associated costs, of $14 million, which was recorded in “Restructuring expense” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 of which $2 million was paid during 2015. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we recorded a $1 million change in estimate to reduce our previously established restructuring accrual. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we recorded an additional charge related to our TiO2 segment, consisting of employee severance cost of $1 million, which was recorded in “Restructuring expense” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, we made cash payments of $1 million and $11 million respectively. We expect to pay the remaining $2 million over the next six months.

The cumulative amount incurred to date relating to the Sodium Chlorate Plant Restructure and the Global TiO2 Restructure is $4 million and $15 million, respectively.

A summary of the changes in the liability established for restructuring included in accrued liabilities is as follows:

   
2016
    
2015
  
Balance, January 1
  
$
15
    
$
4
  
Additional provision, net
    
1
      
2
  
Cash payments
    
(13
)
    
(4
)
                 
Balance, June 30
  
$
3
    
$
2
  

Restructuring income (expenses) by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
TiO2 segment
  
$
1
    
$
(2
)
  
$
(1
)
  
$
(2
)
 
3.
Acquisition of Alkali Chemicals Group
 
On April 1, 2015, we acquired Alkali because it diversifies our end markets and revenue base, and increases our participation in faster growing emerging market economies. We believe it also provides us greater opportunity to utilize a portion of our U.S. tax attributes in future periods. See Note 4 for a discussion of the tax impact of the Alkali Transaction. We accounted for the Alkali Transaction using the acquisition method under ASC 805, Business Combinations, (“ASC 805”), which requires recording assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded based on their estimated fair values on the Alkali Transaction Date. The results of the Alkali chemical business are included in the Alkali segment. The valuations were derived from estimated fair value assessments and assumptions used by management.
 
We funded the Alkali Transaction through existing cash and new debt. See Note 12 for further details of the Alkali Transaction financing.
 
12
Purchase Price Allocation

   
Valuation
  
Consideration:
      
Purchase price
  
$
1,650
  
         
Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
        
Current Assets:
        
Accounts receivable
  
$
147
  
Inventories
    
48
  
Prepaid and other assets
    
32
  
Total Current Assets
    
227
  
Property, plant and equipment (1)
    
767
  
Mineral leaseholds (2)
    
739
  
Other long-term assets
    
3
  
Total Assets
  
$
1,736
  
Current Liabilities:
        
Accounts payable
    
46
  
Accrued liabilities
    
28
  
Total Current Liabilities
    
74
  
Noncurrent Liabilities:
        
Other
    
12
  
Total Liabilities
    
86
  
Net Assets
  
$
1,650
  
 
(1) The fair value of property, plant and equipment was determined using the cost approach, which estimates the replacement cost of each asset using current prices and labor costs, less estimates for physical, functional and technological obsolescence, based on the estimated useful life ranging from 5 to 38 years.

(2) The fair value of mineral rights was determined using the discounted cash flow method, which was based upon the present value of the estimated future cash flows for the expected life of the asset taking into account the relative risk of achieving those cash flows and the time value of money. A discount rate of 10.4% was used taking into account the risks associated with such assets.
 
There are no contingent liabilities recorded in the fair value of net assets acquired as of the Alkali Transaction Date, and the fair value of net assets acquired includes accounts receivables with book value that approximates fair value.
 
Supplemental Pro forma financial information
 
The following unaudited pro forma information gives effect to the Alkali Transaction as if it had occurred on January 1, 2014. The unaudited pro forma financial information reflects certain adjustments related to the acquisition, such as: (1) conforming the accounting policies of Alkali to those applied by Tronox, (2) recording certain incremental expenses resulting from purchase accounting adjustments, such as incremental depreciation expense in connection with fair value adjustments to property, plant and equipment, and depletion expense in connection with fair value adjustments to mineral leaseholds, (3) recording the effect on interest expense related to borrowings in connection with the Alkali Transaction and (4) recording the related tax effects. The unaudited pro forma financial information was adjusted to exclude the effect of certain non-recurring items as of January 1, 2014 such as the impact of transaction costs related to the Alkali Transaction of approximately $27 million, inventory step-up amortization of $9 million and $8 million of interest expense incurred on the Bridge Facility (see Note 12). These non-recurring items were excluded from the unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015. The unaudited pro forma financial information is for illustrative purposes only and should not be relied upon as being indicative of the historical results that would have been obtained if the Alkali Transaction had actually occurred on that date, nor the results of operations in the future.
 
In accordance with ASC 805, the following table presents the supplemental pro forma results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, as if the Alkali Transaction had occurred on January 1, 2014:

   
Three Months Ended
June 30,
2015
    
Six Months Ended
June 30,
2015
  
Net sales
  
$
617
    
$
1,197
  
Loss from operations
  
$
(29
)
  
$
(10
)
Net loss
  
$
(89
)
  
$
(119
)
Loss per share, basic and diluted
  
$
(0.78
)
  
$
(1.07
)
 
4.
Income Taxes
 
Our operations are conducted through our various subsidiaries in a number of countries throughout the world. We have provided for income taxes based upon the tax laws and rates in the countries in which operations are conducted and income is earned.

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Income tax provision
  
$
(10
)
  
$
(11
)
  
$
(22
)
  
$
(18
)
Loss before income taxes
  
$
(38
)
  
$
(107
)
  
$
(118
)
  
$
(146
)
Effective tax rate
    
(26
)%
    
(10
)%
    
(19
)%
    
(12
)%

The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 differs from the Australian statutory rate of 30% primarily due to valuation allowances, income in foreign jurisdictions taxed at rates lower than 30%, and withholding tax accruals on interest income.
 
The statutory tax rates on income earned in South Africa (28% for limited liability companies), The Netherlands (25% for corporations), and the United Kingdom (20% for corporations and limited liability companies and not applicable for certain limited liability partners) are lower than the Australian statutory rate of 30%. The statutory tax rate, applied against losses in the U.S. (35% for corporations), is higher than the Australian statutory rate of 30%.
 
As a result of the Alkali Transaction, we expect to offset a portion of our previously existing U.S. tax attributes with income generated by the Alkali entities.  This expectation, however, does not change our overall judgement regarding the utilization of existing deferred tax assets.
 
We continue to maintain full valuation allowances related to the total net deferred tax assets in Australia, The Netherlands and the U.S., excluding the Alkali separate company states, as we cannot objectively assert that these deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized. Excluding the Alkali separate company states, future provisions for income taxes will include no tax benefits with respect to losses incurred and tax expense only to the extent of current state tax payments until the valuation allowances are eliminated. Additionally, we have valuation allowances against specific tax assets in South Africa.
 
 These conclusions were reached by the application of ASC 740, Income Taxes, which require all available positive and negative evidence be weighted to determine whether a valuation allowance should be recorded. The more significant evidential matter in Australia, The Netherlands and the United States, relates to recent book losses and the lack of sufficient projected taxable income. The more significant evidential matter for South Africa relates to assets that cannot be depleted or depreciated for tax purposes.
 
In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-17 (ASU 2015-17), “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.”  The standard requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet rather than being separated into current and noncurrent. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted and the standard may be applied either retrospectively or on a prospective basis to all deferred tax assets and liabilities. We early adopted ASU 2015-17 during the fourth quarter of 2015 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
 
Anadarko Litigation
 
On January 23, 2015, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. (“Anadarko”) paid $5.2 billion, including approximately $65 million of accrued interest, pursuant to the terms of a settlement agreement with Tronox Incorporated. We did not receive any portion of the settlement amount. Instead, 88% of the $5.2 billion went to trusts and other governmental entities for the remediation of polluted sites by Kerr-McGee Corporation (“Kerr-McGee”). The remaining 12% was distributed to a tort trust to compensate individuals injured as a result of Kerr-McGee’s environmental failures.
 
We received a private letter ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service confirming that the trusts that held the claims against Anadarko are grantor trusts of Tronox Incorporated solely for federal income tax purposes. As a result, we believe we are entitled to tax deductions equal to the amount spent by the trusts to remediate environmental matters and to compensate the injured individuals. These deductions will accrue over the life of the trusts as the $5.2 billion is spent. We believe that these expenditures and the accompanying tax deductions may continue for decades. At June 30, 2016, approximately $2.6 billion of the trust expenditures expected from the litigation proceeds have been incurred.
 
5.
Loss Per Share
 
The computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the periods indicated is as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Numerator – Basic and Diluted:
                        
Net loss
  
$
(48
)
  
$
(118
)
  
$
(140
)
  
$
(164
)
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
    
2
      
1
      
1
      
4
  
Undistributed net loss
    
(50
)
    
(119
)
    
(141
)
    
(168
)
Percentage allocated to ordinary shares (1)
    
100
%
    
100
%
    
100
%
    
100
%
Loss available to ordinary shares
  
$
(50
)
  
$
(119
)
  
$
(141
)
  
$
(168
)
Denominator – Basic and Diluted:
                                
Weighted-average ordinary shares (in thousands)
    
116,184
      
115,569
      
116,052
      
115,472
  
Loss per Ordinary Share (2):
                                
Basic and diluted loss per ordinary share
  
$
(0.42
)
  
$
(1.03
)
  
$
(1.21
)
  
$
(1.45
)
 
(1)
Our participating securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in losses; therefore, when we have a net loss, none of the loss is allocated to participating securities. Consequently, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, the two-class method did not have an effect on our loss per ordinary share calculation, and as such, dividends paid during the year did not impact this calculation.

(2)
Loss per ordinary share amounts were calculated from exact, not rounded loss and share information.

In computing diluted loss per share under the two-class method, we considered potentially dilutive shares. Anti-dilutive shares not recognized in the diluted earnings per share calculation were as follows:
 
   
June 30, 2016
    
June 30, 2015
  
   
Shares
    
Average
Exercise Price
    
Shares
    
Average
Exercise Price
  
Options
    
2,015,673
    
$
21.19
      
2,294,649
    
$
21.12
  
Series A Warrants (1)
    
1,438,283
    
$
8.54
      
1,282,734
    
$
10.75
  
Series B Warrants (1)
    
1,947,228
    
$
9.42
      
1,736,651
    
$
11.86
  
Restricted share units
    
5,692,870
    
$
7.22
      
1,561,349
    
$
23.04
  
 
(1)
Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were converted into Class A ordinary shares at June 30, 2016 and 2015 using a rate of 6.01 and 5.36, respectively. See Note 16.
 
6.
Accounts Receivable, Net of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Trade receivables
  
$
384
    
$
367
  
Other
    
23
      
25
  
Subtotal
    
407
      
392
  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
    
(2
)
    
(1
)
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts
  
$
405
    
$
391
  
 
Bad debt expense was less than $1 million each for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 and $1million and less than $1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 
7.
Inventories, Net
 
Inventories, net consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Raw materials
  
$
217
    
$
248
  
Work-in-process
    
53
      
43
  
Finished goods, net
    
194
      
245
  
Materials and supplies, net (1)
    
102
      
106
  
Total
    
566
      
642
  
Less: Inventories, net – non-current
    
—
      
(12
)
Inventories, net - current
  
$
566
    
$
630
  
 
(1)
Consists of processing chemicals, maintenance supplies, and spare parts, which will be consumed directly and indirectly in the production of our products.
 
Finished goods include inventory on consignment of $24 million and $30 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, inventory obsolescence reserves were $18 million. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, reserves for lower of cost or market were $41 million and $63 million, respectively.
 
8.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
 
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Land and land improvements
  
$
155
    
$
143
  
Buildings
    
292
      
189
  
Machinery and equipment
    
1,839
      
1,765
  
Construction-in-progress
    
145
      
261
  
Other
    
48
      
44
  
Subtotal
    
2,479
      
2,402
  
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
    
(647
)
    
(559
)
Property, plant and equipment, net (1)
  
$
1,832
    
$
1,843
  
 
(1)
Substantially all of these assets are pledged as collateral for our debt. See Note 12.
 
Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $43 million and $48 million, respectively, of which $42 million and $47 million, respectively, was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and $1 million each was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $82 million and $85 million, respectively, of which $80 million and $83 million, respectively, was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and $2 million each was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. In April 2016, we officially commissioned our Fairbreeze mine in KZN and began depreciating related assets in service.
 
9.
Mineral Leaseholds, Net
 
Mineral leaseholds, net of accumulated depletion, consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Mineral leaseholds
  
$
1,968
    
$
1,948
  
Less accumulated depletion
    
(366
)
    
(344
)
Mineral leaseholds, net
  
$
1,602
    
$
1,604
  
 
Depletion expense related to mineral leaseholds during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $10 million and $21 million, respectively, and during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $20 million and $42 million, respectively which was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 
10.
Intangible Assets, Net
 
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, consisted of the following:

   
June 30, 2016
    
December 31, 2015
  
   
Gross
Cost
    
Accumulated
Amortization
    
Net Carrying
Amount
    
Gross
Cost
    
Accumulated
Amortization
    
Net Carrying
Amount
  
Customer relationships
  
$
294
    
$
(108
)
  
$
186
    
$
294
    
$
(98
)
  
$
196
  
TiO2 technology
    
32
      
(9
)
    
23
      
32
      
(8
)
    
24
  
Internal-use software
    
38
      
(15
)
    
23
      
37
      
(13
)
    
24
  
Other
    
9
      
(9
)
    
—
      
9
      
(9
)
    
—
  
Intangible assets, net
  
$
373
    
$
(141
)
  
$
232
    
$
372
    
$
(128
)
  
$
244
  
 
Amortization expense related to intangible assets during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $7 million and $6 million, respectively, of which $1 million and less than $1 million, respectively, was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and $6 million each was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Amortization expense related to intangible assets during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $13 million each, of which $1 million and less than $1 million, respectively, was recorded in “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and $12 million and $13 million, respectively, was recorded in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets is $12 million for the remainder of 2016, $25 million for 2017, $25 million for 2018, $25 million for 2019, $25 million for 2020 and $120 million thereafter.
 
11.
Accrued Liabilities
 
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Employee-related costs and benefits
  
$
66
    
$
69
  
Restructuring costs
    
3
      
15
  
Interest
    
35
      
35
  
Sales rebates
    
23
      
28
  
Taxes other than income taxes
    
9
      
11
  
Other
    
20
      
22
  
Accrued liabilities
  
$
156
    
$
180
  
 
12.
Debt
 
Short-term Debt
 
Short-term debt consisted of the following:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
UBS Revolver
  
$
150
    
$
150
  
Short-term debt (1)
  
$
150
    
$
150
  
 
(1)
Average effective interest rate of 4.1% and 4.0% during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and 2.4% each during the three and six months ended June 30, 2015.
 
UBS Revolver

We have a global senior secured asset-based syndicated revolving credit facility with UBS AG (“UBS”) with an original maturity date of June 18, 2017 (the “UBS Revolver”). Through March 31, 2015, the UBS Revolver provided us with a committed source of capital with a principal borrowing amount of up to $300 million, subject to a borrowing base. Balances due under the UBS Revolver are carried at contracted amounts, which approximate fair value based on the short term nature of the borrowing and the variable interest rate.

On April 1, 2015, in connection with the Alkali Transaction, we entered into an amended and restated asset-based revolving syndicated facility agreement with UBS, which provides for up to $500 million of revolving credit lines, with a $85 million sublimit for letters of credit with a new maturity that is the earlier of the date which is five years after the closing date and the date which is three months prior to the maturity of the Term Loan Agreement; provided that in no event shall the Revolving Maturity be earlier than June 18, 2017. Availability of revolving credit loans and letters of credit are subject to a borrowing base. Borrowings bear interest at our option, at either a base rate or an adjusted London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) as the greatest of (a) the Administrative Agent’s prime rate, (b) the Federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% and (c) the adjusted LIBOR for a one-month period plus 1.00%. The applicable margin ranges from 0.50% to 1.00% for borrowings at the base rate and from 1.50% to 2.00% for borrowings at the adjusted LIBOR, in each case, based on the average daily borrowing availability.

On April 1, 2015, we borrowed $150 million against the UBS Revolver, which was outstanding at both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 we had no drawdowns or repayments on the UBS Revolver. During both the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 we had $150 million of drawdowns and no repayments on the UBS Revolver. We incurred $2 million of deferred debt issuance costs related to the UBS Revolver, which were capitalized and included in “Other long-term assets” in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2015. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our amount available to borrow was $183 million and $217 million, respectively.
 
ABSA Revolving Credit Facility

We have a R1.3 billion (approximately $89 million at June 30, 2016) revolving credit facility with ABSA Bank Limited (“ABSA”) acting through its ABSA Capital Division with a maturity date of June 14, 2017 (the “ABSA Revolver”). The ABSA Revolver bears interest at (i) the base rate (defined as one month Johannesburg Interbank Agreed Rate, which is the mid-market rate for deposits in South African Rand for a period equal to the relevant period which appears on the Reuters Screen SAFEY Page alongside the caption YLD) as of 11h00 Johannesburg time on the first day of the applicable period, plus (ii) the margin, which is 3.9%.
 
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we had no drawdowns or repayments on the ABSA Revolver. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were no outstanding borrowings on the ABSA Revolver.
 
Long-term debt, net of an unamortized discount and debt issuance costs, consisted of the following:

   
Original
Principal
    
Annual
Interest Rate
  
Maturity
Date
  
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Term Loan, net of unamortized discount (1)
  
$
1,500
    
Variable
  
3/19/2020
  
$
1,448
    
$
1,454
  
Senior Notes due 2020
  
$
900
      
6.375
%
8/15/2020
    
896
      
900
  
Senior Notes due 2022
  
$
600
      
7.50
%
3/15/2022
    
584
      
600
  
Co-generation Unit Financing Arrangement
  
$
16
      
6.5
%
2/1/2016
    
—
      
1
  
Lease financing
                      
17
      
16
  
Total borrowings
                      
2,945
      
2,971
  
Less: Long-term debt due within one year
                      
(16
)
    
(16
)
Debt issuance costs
                      
(40
)
    
(45
)
Long-term debt
                      
$
2,889
    
$
2,910
  
 
(1)
Average effective interest rate of 4.9% each during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 4.7% and 4.5% during the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively.
 
At June 30, 2016, the scheduled maturities of our long-term debt were as follows:

 
Total
Borrowings
  
2016
  
$
7
  
2017
    
16
  
2018
    
16
  
2019
    
16
  
2020
    
2,298
  
Thereafter
    
597
  
Total
    
2,950
  
Remaining accretion associated with the Term Loan
    
(5
)
Total borrowings
  
$
2,945
  
Term Loan
 
On March 19, 2013, we, along with our wholly owned subsidiary, Tronox Pigments (Netherlands) B.V., and certain of our subsidiaries named as guarantors, entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Second Agreement”) with Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, UBS Securities LLC, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and RBC Capital Markets, as joint lead arrangers, joint bookrunners and co-syndication agents. Pursuant to the Second Agreement, we obtained a $1.5 billion senior secured term loan (the “Term Loan”). The Term Loan was issued net of an original issue discount. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the unamortized discount was $5 million and $6 million, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we made principal repayments of $4 million each, and during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we made principal repayments of $7 million and $8 million, respectively.
 
On April 23, 2014, we, along with our wholly owned subsidiary, Tronox Pigments (Netherlands) B.V., and certain of our subsidiaries named as guarantors, entered into a Third Amendment to the Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Third Agreement”) with the lender parties thereto and Goldman Sachs Bank USA, as administrative agent, which amends the Second Agreement. The Third Agreement provides for the re-pricing of the Term Loan by replacing the existing definition of “Applicable Margin” with a grid pricing matrix dependent upon our public corporate family rating as determined by Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s (with the interest rate under the Third Agreement remaining subject to Eurodollar Rate and Base Rate floors, as defined in the Third Agreement). Pursuant to the Third Agreement, based upon our current public corporate family rating by Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s, the current interest rate per annum is 350 basis points plus LIBOR (subject to a LIBOR floor of 1% per annum) compared to 350 basis points plus LIBOR (subject to a LIBOR floor of 1% per annum) in the Second Agreement. The Third Agreement also amended certain provisions of the Second Agreement to permit us and certain of our subsidiaries to obtain new cash flow revolving credit facilities in place of our existing asset based revolving credit facility. The maturity date under the Second Agreement and all other material terms of the Second Agreement remain the same under the Third Agreement. Debt issuance cost related to the Term Loan of $19 million were recorded as a direct reduction to the carrying value of the long term debt as described below.
 
Senior Notes due 2020
 
On August 20, 2012, our wholly owned subsidiary, Tronox Finance LLC (“Tronox Finance”), completed a private placement offering of $900 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes at par value (the “Senior Notes due 2020”). The Senior Notes due 2020 bear interest semiannually at a rate equal to 6.375%, and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior, unsecured basis by us and certain of our subsidiaries. The Senior Notes due 2020 were initially offered to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and outside the United States to non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. Debt issuance cost related to the Senior Notes Due 2020 of $10 million were recorded as a direct reduction to the carrying value of the long term debt as described below.
 
On September 17, 2013, Tronox Finance issued $900 million in aggregate principal amount of registered 6.375% Senior Notes due 2020 in exchange for its then existing $900 million in aggregate principal amount of its 6.375% Senior Notes due 2020. The Senior Notes due 2020 are guaranteed by Tronox and certain of its subsidiaries. See Note 22. There were no repayments during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we repurchased $4 million of face value of notes at a price of 77% of par, resulting in a net gain of approximately $1 million which was included in “Gain on extinguishment of debt” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
 
Senior Notes due 2022
 
 On March 6, 2015, Evolution Escrow Issuer LLC (“Evolution”), a special purpose limited liability company organized under the laws of Delaware, was formed. Evolution was wholly owned by Stichting Evolution Escrow, a Dutch foundation not affiliated with the Company.
 
On March 19, 2015, Evolution closed an offering of $600 million aggregate principal amount of its 7.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “Senior Notes due 2022”). The Senior Notes due 2022 were offered and sold by Evolution in reliance on an exemption pursuant to Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act. The Senior Notes due 2022 were issued under an Indenture, dated as of March 19, 2015 (the “Indenture”), between Evolution and Wilmington Trust, National Association (the “Trustee”).
 
On April 1, 2015, in connection with the Alkali Transaction, Evolution merged with and into Tronox Finance. Tronox Finance assumed the obligations of Evolution under the Indenture and the Senior Notes due 2022, and the proceeds from the offering were released to us to partially pay the purchase price for the Alkali Transaction. We and certain of our subsidiaries entered into a supplemental indenture (the “First Supplemental Indenture”), by and among us, Tronox Finance, the guarantors party thereto, and the Trustee, pursuant to which we and such subsidiaries became guarantors of the Senior Notes due 2022 under the Indenture. The Senior Notes due 2022 have not been registered under the Securities Act, and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. There were no repayments during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we repurchased $16 million of face value of notes at a weighted average price of 76% of par, resulting in a net gain of approximately $3 million which was included in “Gain on extinguishment of debt” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Debt issuance costs related to the Senior Notes due 2022 of $11 million were recorded as a direct reduction of the carrying value of the long term debt as described below.
 
The Indenture and the Senior Notes due 2022 provide, among other things, that the Senior Notes due 2022 are senior unsecured obligations of Tronox Finance. Interest is payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year beginning on September 15, 2015 until their maturity date of March 15, 2022. The terms of the Indenture, among other things, limit, in certain circumstances, the ability of us to: incur certain additional indebtedness and issue preferred stock; make certain dividends, distributions, investments and other restricted payments; sell certain assets; incur liens; agree to any restrictions on the ability of certain subsidiaries to make payments to the Company; consolidate or merge with or into, or sell substantially all of our assets to, another person; enter into transactions with affiliates; and enter into new lines of business.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
As of June 30, 2016, we had $183 million available under the $500 million UBS Revolver, $89 million available under the ABSA Revolver and $188 million in cash and cash equivalents. In the next twelve months, we expect that our operations and available borrowings under our revolving credit agreements will provide sufficient cash to fund our operating expenses, capital expenditures, interest payments, debt repayments, and dividends.
 
Lease Financing
 
We have capital lease obligations in South Africa, which are payable through 2031 at a weighted average interest rate of approximately 14%. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, such obligations had a net book value of assets recorded under capital leases aggregating $14 million. During each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we made principal payments of less than $1 million.

Bridge Facility

In connection with the Alkali Transaction, we entered into a $600 million senior unsecured bridge facility (the “Bridge Facility”). The Bridge Facility was not utilized and terminated with the completion of the Alkali Transaction. During both the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, we incurred $8 million of financing fees related to the Bridge Facility, which were included in “Interest and debt expense, net” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.
 
Fair Value
 
Our debt is recorded at historical amounts. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of the Term Loan was $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of the Senior Notes due 2020 was $663 million and $520 million, respectively. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the fair value of the Senior Notes due 2022 was $423 million and $347 million, respectively. We determined the fair value of the Term Loan, the Senior Notes due 2020 and the Senior Notes due 2022 using quoted market prices. The fair value hierarchy for the Term Loan, the Senior Notes due 2020 and the Senior Notes due 2022 is a Level 1 input.  Balances outstanding under our UBS Revolver are carried at contracted amounts, which approximate fair value based on the short term nature of the borrowing and the variable interest rate. The fair value hierarchy for our UBS Revolver is a Level 2 input.
 
Debt Covenants
 
At June 30, 2016, we had financial covenants in the UBS Revolver, the ABSA Revolver and the Term Loan; however, only the ABSA Revolver had a financial maintenance covenant that applies to local operations and only when the ABSA Revolver is drawn upon. The Term Loan and the UBS Revolver are subject to an intercreditor agreement pursuant to which the lenders’ respective rights and interests in the security are set forth. We were in compliance with all our financial covenants as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016.
 
Interest and Debt Expense, Net
 
Interest and debt expense, net in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations consisted of the following:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Interest on debt
  
$
43
    
$
42
    
$
87
    
$
74
  
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and discounts on debt
    
2
      
3
      
5
      
5
  
Bridge Facility
    
—
      
8
      
—
      
8
  
Other
    
2
      
1
      
2
      
2
  
Capitalized interest
    
(1
)
    
(2
)
    
(2
)
    
(3
)
Total interest and debt expense, net
  
$
46
    
$
52
    
$
92
    
$
86
  
 
In connection with obtaining debt, we incurred debt issuance costs, which are being amortized through the respective maturity dates using the effective interest method. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had deferred debt issuance costs of $4 million related to the UBS Revolver and ABSA Revolver which are recorded in “Other long-term assets” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and $40 million and $45 million, respectively, as a direct reduction of the carrying value of the long term debt.
 
13.
Asset Retirement Obligations
 
Asset retirement obligations consist primarily of rehabilitation and restoration costs, landfill capping costs, decommissioning costs, and closure and post-closure costs. Activity related to asset retirement obligations was as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Balance, January 1,
  
$
87
    
$
86
    
$
81
    
$
90
  
Additions
    
1
      
—
      
1
      
1
  
Accretion expense
    
2
      
2
      
3
      
3
  
Remeasurement/translation
    
(2
)
    
1
      
2
      
(5
)
Changes in estimates, including cost and timing of cash flows
    
(10
)
    
—
      
(9
)
    
1
  
Settlements/payments
    
—
      
(1
)
    
—
      
(2
)
Balance, June 30,
  
$
78
    
$
88
    
$
78
    
$
88
  

Asset retirement obligations were classified as follows:

   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
Current portion included in “Accrued liabilities”
  
$
3
    
$
4
  
Noncurrent portion included in “Asset retirement obligations”
    
75
      
77
  
Asset retirement obligations
  
$
78
    
$
81
  

During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we amended our lease agreement for our TiO2 pigment facility in Botlek, The Netherlands, which included an option to extend the lease term for an additional 25 years. This amendment increased the estimated useful life used in determining the asset retirement obligation and consequently, we recognized a $10 million reduction to this liability.
 
Environmental Rehabilitation Trust

In accordance with applicable regulations, we have established an environmental rehabilitation trust for the prospecting and mining operations in South Africa, which receives, holds, and invests funds for the rehabilitation or management of asset retirement obligations. The trustees of the fund are appointed by us, and consist of sufficiently qualified employees capable of fulfilling their fiduciary duties. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the environmental rehabilitation trust assets were $13 million and $12 million, respectively, which were recorded in “Other long-term assets” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 
14.
Derivative Instruments

We manufacture and market our products in a number of countries throughout the world and, as a result, are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly in South Africa, Australia, and The Netherlands. Costs in South Africa and Australia are primarily incurred in local currencies, while the majority of revenues are in U.S. dollars. In Europe, the majority of revenues and costs are in the local currency. This leaves us exposed to movements in the South African Rand and the Australian dollar versus the U.S. dollar.

Our businesses rely on natural gas as one of the main fuel sources in our production process. Natural gas prices have historically been volatile.  Natural gas prices could increase as a result of reduced domestic drilling and production activity. Drilling and production operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and government regulations, which could directly curtail such activity or increase the cost of drilling, resulting in reduced levels of drilling activity and therefore increased natural gas prices. This exposes us to commodity price risk.
 
We mitigate our exposures to currency risks and commodity price risks, through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to reduce the effects of fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates. We also use commodity price swap contracts and forward purchase contracts to manage forecasted energy exposure.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking our hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also formally assess both at the inception of the hedge and throughout its term, whether each derivative is highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged item. If we determine that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, we assess whether to designate the derivative a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a forecasted transaction (cash flow hedge) or not. We recognize all derivatives in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value.

Our currency forward contracts are not designated for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815. As such, changes in the fair value are recorded in “Other income (expense), net” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. We did not record any gains or losses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 related to forward contracts. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we did not have any currency forward contracts in place.

We have designated our natural gas commodity price swap contracts, which qualify as cash flow hedges, for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815. Our current natural gas derivative contracts mature on December 31, 2016. We perform an analysis for effectiveness of the derivatives at the end of each quarter based on the terms of the contract and the underlying item being hedged. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of cash flow hedges is deferred in other comprehensive loss and is subsequently recognized in the “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for commodity hedges, when the hedged item impacts earnings. Changes in fair value of derivative assets and liabilities designated as hedging instruments are shown in “Other noncash items affecting net loss” within operating activities in the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Any portion of the change in fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments that is determined to be ineffective is recorded in “Other income (expense), net” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

At June 30, 2016 we recorded the fair value of the natural gas hedge of $2 million in “Prepaid and other assets” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the offset of $2 million recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss with no tax impact. See Note 4 to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The current open commodity contract hedges forecasted transactions until December 31, 2016. At June 30, 2016, we had an equivalent of 2.1 mmBTUs (millions of British Thermal Units) in aggregate notional volume of outstanding natural gas commodity forward contract to hedge forecasted purchases. The fair value of the natural gas commodity price contract was based on market price quotations and the use of a pricing model. The contract was considered a level 2 input in the fair value hierarchy at June 30, 2016. We did not have any natural gas hedge positions at December 31, 2015.
 
15.
Commitments and Contingencies
 
Purchase and Capital Commitments — At June 30, 2016, purchase commitments were $82 million for the remainder of 2016, $107 million for 2017, $91 million for 2018, $74 million for 2019, $55 million for 2020, and $307 million thereafter.
 
Letters of Credit — At June 30, 2016, we had outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees, and performance bonds of $69 million, of which $43 million were letters of credit issued under the UBS Revolver, $20 million were bank guarantees and letters of credit issued under the ABSA Revolver, $4 million were bank guarantees issued by Standard Bank and $2 million were performance bonds issued by Westpac Banking Corporation.
 
Other Matters—From time to time, we may be party to a number of legal and administrative proceedings involving legal, environmental, and/or other matters in various courts or agencies. These proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, may have a material adverse effect on us. These proceedings may be associated with facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by us and/or our predecessors, some of which may include claims for personal injuries, property damages, cleanup costs, and other environmental matters. Current and former operations may also involve management of regulated materials that are subject to various environmental laws and regulations including the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act or state equivalents. Similar environmental laws and regulations and other requirements exist in foreign countries in which we operate. Currently, we are not party to any pending legal or administrative proceedings that may have a material adverse effect, either individually or in the aggregate, on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
 
16.
Shareholders’ Equity
 
The changes in outstanding Class A ordinary shares (“Class A Shares”) and Class B Shares for the six months ended June 30, 2016 were as follows:

       
Class A Shares:
      
Balance at January 1, 2016
    
64,521,851
  
Shares issued for share-based compensation
    
508,972
  
Shares issued upon warrants exercised
    
12
  
Balance at June 30, 2016
    
65,030,835
  
Class B Shares:
        
Balance, January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2016
    
51,154,280
  
 
Warrants
 
We have outstanding Series A Warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) and Series B Warrants (the “Series B Warrants,” and together with the Series A Warrants, the “Warrants”). At June 30, 2016, holders of the Warrants were entitled to purchase 6.01 Class A Shares and receive $12.50 in cash at an exercise price of $51.31 for each Series A Warrant and $56.62 for each Series B Warrant. The Warrants have a seven-year term from the date initially issued and will expire on February 14, 2018. A holder may exercise the Warrants by paying the applicable exercise price in cash or exercising on a cashless basis. The Warrants are freely transferable by the holder. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were 239,315 and 239,316 Series A Warrants outstanding, respectively, and 323,998 and 323,999 Series B Warrants outstanding, respectively.
 
Dividends
 
During 2016, we declared and paid quarterly dividends to holders of our Class A Shares and Class B Shares as follows:

   
Three Months
Ended March 31,
2016
    
Three Months
Ended June 30,
2016
  
Dividend per share
  
$
0.25
    
$
0.045
  
Total dividend
  
$
30
    
$
5
  
Record date (close of business)
  
March 4
   
May 16
 

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Tronox Limited
 
The tables below present changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss by component for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
 
   
Cumulative
Translation
Adjustment
    
Pension
Liability
Adjustment
    
Unrealized
Gains on
Derivatives
    
Total
Balance, January 1, 2016
  
$
(494
)
  
$
(102
)
  
$
—
    
$
(596
)
Other comprehensive income
    
40
      
—
      
2
      
42
  
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
    
—
      
1
      
—
      
1
  
Balance, June 30, 2016
  
$
(454
)
  
$
(101
)
  
$
2
    
$
(553
)

   
Cumulative
Translation
Adjustment
    
Pension
Liability
Adjustment
    
Unrealized
Gains on
Derivatives
    
Total
  
Balance, January 1, 2015
  
$
(279
)
  
$
(117
)
  
$
—
    
$
(396
)
Other comprehensive income
    
(38
)
    
—
      
—
      
(38
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
    
—
      
2
      
—
      
2
  
Balance, June 30, 2015
  
$
(317
)
  
$
(115
)
  
$
—
    
$
(432
)
 
17.
Noncontrolling Interest
 
Exxaro has a 26% ownership interest in each of our Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd. and Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd. subsidiaries in order to comply with the ownership requirements of the Black Economic Empowerment legislation in South Africa. Exxaro is entitled to exchange this interest for approximately 3.2% in additional Class B Shares under certain circumstances. Exxaro also has a 26% ownership interest in certain of our other non-operating subsidiaries. We account for such ownership interest as “Noncontrolling interest” in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
Noncontrolling interest activity was as follows:
 
   
2016
    
2015
  
Balance, January 1          
  
$
112
    
$
178
  
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
    
1
      
4
  
Effect of exchange rate changes          
    
13
      
(14
)
Balance, June 30          
  
$
126
    
$
168
  
 
18.
Share-Based Compensation
 
Compensation expense consisted of the following:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Restricted shares and restricted share units
  
$
4
    
$
6
    
$
8
    
$
9
  
Options
    
—
      
1
      
1
      
3
  
T-Bucks Employee Participation Plan
    
1
      
—
      
1
      
1
  
Total share-based compensation expense
  
$
5
    
$
7
    
$
10
    
$
13
  
 
Tronox Limited Management Equity Incentive Plan
 
On June 15, 2012, we adopted the Tronox Limited Management Equity Incentive Plan (the “MEIP”), which permits the grant of awards that are comprised of incentive options, nonqualified options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, performance awards, and other share-based awards, cash payments, and other forms as the compensation committee of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) in its discretion deems appropriate, including any combination of the above. Subject to further adjustment, the maximum number of shares which may be the subject of awards (inclusive of incentive options) is 20,781,225 Class A Shares.  These shares were increased by 8,000,000 on the affirmative vote of our shareholders on May 25, 2016.
 
Restricted Shares
 
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we granted 244,362 restricted shares which vest ratably over a three-year period and 18,429 such shares which vested immediately. The 18,429 restricted shares that vested immediately were granted to members of our Board of Directors in lieu of cash fees earned during the first quarter of 2016. These awards are classified as equity awards, and are accounted for using the fair value established at the grant date.
The following table presents a summary of activity for the six months ended June 30, 2016:

   
Number of
Shares
    
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
  
Outstanding, January 1, 2016
    
373,278
    
$
22.02
  
Granted
    
262,791
      
3.80
  
Vested
    
(137,355
)
    
19.34
  
Forfeited
    
(199,577
)
    
22.21
  
Outstanding, June 30, 2016
    
299,137
    
$
7.02
  
Expected to vest, June 30, 2016
    
299,110
    
$
7.12
  
 
At June 30, 2016, there was $1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted shares, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted shares granted during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $3.80 per share and $22.60 per share, respectively. The total fair value of restricted shares that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $3 million.
 
Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”)
 
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we granted RSUs which have time and/or performance conditions. Both the time-based awards and the performance-based awards are classified as equity awards. The time-based awards vest ratably over a three-year period, and are valued at the weighted average grant date fair value. The performance-based awards cliff vest at the end of the three years. Included in the performance-based awards are RSUs for which vesting is determined by a Total Stockholder Return (“TSR”) calculation over the applicable measurement period. The TSR metric is considered a market condition for which we use a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the grant date fair value.

   
Number of
Shares
    
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
  
Outstanding, January 1, 2016
    
1,494,027
    
$
23.04
  
Granted
    
4,775,348
      
4.02
  
Vested
    
(395,029
)
    
21.66
  
Forfeited
    
(181,476
)
    
21.85
  
Outstanding, June 30, 2016
    
5,692,870
    
$
7.22
  
Expected to vest, June 30, 2016
    
5,454,917
    
$
7.28
  
 
At June 30, 2016, there was $26 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested RSUs, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted share units granted during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $4.02 per share and $23.47 per share, respectively. The total fair value of RSUs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $9 million.

Options
 
The following table presents a summary of activity for the six months ended June 30, 2016:

   
Number of
Options
    
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted
Average
Contractual
Life (years)
    
Intrinsic
Value
  
Outstanding, January 1, 2016
    
2,189,967
    
$
21.15
      
7.4
    
$
—
  
Forfeited
    
(43,767
)
    
20.93
                  
Expired
    
(130,527
)
    
20.57
                  
Outstanding, June 30, 2016
    
2,015,673
    
$
21.19
      
6.9
    
$
—
  
Expected to vest, June 30, 2016
    
244,067
    
$
22.08
      
7.6
    
$
—
  
Exercisable, June 30, 2016
    
1,768,603
    
$
21.07
      
6.8
    
$
—
  
 
The aggregate intrinsic values in the table represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between our share price at the indicated dates and the options’ exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their in-the-money options at the end of the period. The amount will change based on the fair market value of our stock. No options were exercised during the three and six months ending June 30, 2016 and consequently, there was no related intrinsic value. The total intrinsic value of options exercised was less than $1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015. We issue new shares upon the exercise of options. As there were no stock options exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, no cash was received.
 
At June 30, 2016, unrecognized compensation expense related to options, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, was $1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.6 years.

We did not issue any options during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016.  During the six months ended June 30, 2015, we issued 2,380 options, with a weighted average grant date fair value of $7.04.

Fair value is determined on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and is recognized in earnings on a straight-line basis over the employee service period of three years, which is the vesting period. The fair value is based on the closing price of our Class A Shares on the grant date. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury Strips available with a maturity period consistent with the expected life assumption. The expected volatility assumption is based on historical price movements of our peer group.
 
T-Bucks Employee Participation Plan (“T-Bucks EPP”)
 
During 2012, we established the T-Bucks EPP for the benefit of certain qualifying employees of our South African subsidiaries. We funded the T-Bucks Trust (the “Trust”) with R124 million (approximately $15 million), which was used to acquire Class A Shares. Additional contributions may be made in the future at the discretion of the Board. The T-Bucks EPP is classified as an equity-settled shared-based payment plan, whereby participants were awarded share units in the Trust, which entitles them to receive Class A Shares upon completion of the vesting period on May 31, 2017. Participants are entitled to receive dividends on the shares during the vesting period. Forfeited shares are retained by the Trust, and are allocated to future participants. Compensation costs are recognized over the vesting period using the straight-line method. During 2012, the Trust purchased 548,234 Class A Shares at $25.79 per share, which was the fair value on the date of purchase. The balance at both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was 548,234 shares.
 
 Long-Term Incentive Plan
 
We have a long-term incentive plan (the “LTIP”) for the benefit of certain qualifying employees of Tronox subsidiaries in South Africa and Australia. The LTIP is classified as cash settled compensation plan, and is re-measured to fair value at each reporting date. At both June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the LTIP plan liability was less than $1 million.
 
19.
Pension and Other Postretirement Healthcare Benefits
 
We sponsor two noncontributory defined benefit retirement plans in the U.S., the qualified retirement plan and Alkali qualified retirement plan. We also have a defined benefit retirement plan and a collective defined contribution plan (a multiemployer plan) in The Netherlands, and a postretirement healthcare plan in South Africa.
 
The components of net periodic cost associated with our U.S. defined benefit plans and The Netherlands defined plan recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Net periodic cost:
                        
Service cost (1)
  
$
1
    
$
1
    
$
2
    
$
1
  
Interest cost
    
5
      
5
      
10
      
10
  
Expected return on plan assets
    
(5
)
    
(6
)
    
(10
)
    
(11
)
Net amortization of actuarial loss and prior service credit
    
—
      
1
      
1
      
2
  
Total net periodic cost
  
$
1
    
$
1
    
$
3
    
$
2
  
 
(1)
Includes $1 million each of pension expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 related to the Tronox Alkali Qualified Plan to cover eligible employees of Tronox Alkali Corporation in connection with the Alkali Transaction.
 
The components of net periodic cost associated with the postretirement healthcare plans was less than $1 million each for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.

For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we contributed $1 million and $2 million, respectively, to The Netherlands multiemployer plan, which was recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

In April 2016, the Board of Trustees of our Netherlands defined benefit plan (“TDF-Botlek Plan”) filed their intentions with the Netherlands Chamber of Commerce to merge the TDF-Botlek Plan into the collective defined contribution plan, a multi-employer plan administered by the industrywide Pension Fund for the Graphical Industry, which we joined on January 1, 2015. This merger is expected to occur in the fourth quarter of 2016.
 
20.
Related Parties
 
Exxaro
 
We had service level agreements with Exxaro for services such as tax preparation and research and development, as well as information technology services, which expired during 2015. Such service level agreements amounted to less than $1 million and $1 million of expense for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and less than $1 million and $2 million of expense during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which was included in “Selling, general and administrative expense” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, we have a professional service agreement with Exxaro related to the Fairbreeze construction project. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, we paid less than $1 million each and $1 million each, respectively, to Exxaro, which was capitalized in “Property, plant and equipment, net” on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had less than $1 million and $1 million, respectively, of related party payables, which were recorded in “Accounts payable” on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 
ANSAC

We hold a membership in ANSAC, which is responsible for promoting exports of US-produced soda ash. Under the ANSAC membership agreement, Alkali’s exports of soda ash to all markets except Canada, the European community, the European Free Trade Association and the Southern African Customs Union are exclusively through ANSAC. Certain sales and marketing costs incurred by ANSAC are charged directly to us. Selling, general and administrative expenses in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations include amounts charged to us by ANSAC principally consisting of salaries, benefits, office supplies, professional fees, travel, rent and certain other costs, which amounted to $1 million and $2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, and $1 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2015. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, we recorded net sales to ANSAC of $70 million and $130 million, respectively, and $76 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, which was included in “Net sales” in the  unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $45 million and $47 million, respectively, of related party receivables from ANSAC which were recorded in “Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts” in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had related party payables due to ANSAC of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, recorded in “Accounts payable” in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Additionally, during the three and six month ended June 30, 2016, “Cost of goods sold” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations included $1 million and $3 million, respectively, and $1 million each for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 of charges to us by ANSAC for freight costs incurred on our behalf. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, “Accounts payable” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included less than $1 million and $1 million, respectively, of payables to ANSAC for freight costs incurred on our behalf.
 
Natronx Technologies LLC

In connection with the Alkali Transaction, we acquired FMC’s one-third ownership interest in a joint venture, Natronx Technologies LLC (“Natronx”). Natronx manufactures and markets sodium-based, dry sorbents for air pollution control in electric utility and industrial boiler operations. Pursuant to an agreement with Natronx, we purchase ground trona from a third-party vendor as an agent on its behalf (the “Supply Agreement”). We also provide certain administrative services such as accounting, technology and customer services to Natronx under a service level agreement (the “SLA”). We are reimbursed by Natronx for the related costs incurred under the Supply Agreement and the SLA. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $1 million each of receivables related to these agreements, which were recorded in “Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts” in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. During April, 2016, Natronx notified its customers of its intent to cease operations and end deliveries of product on June 30, 2016.  We do not expect to incur any material costs associated with the dissolution of this venture.
 
21.
Segment Information
 
The reportable segments presented below represent our operating segments for which separate financial information is available and which is utilized on a regular basis by our Chief Executive Officer, who is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to assess performance and to allocate resources.
 
Prior to the Alkali Transaction, we had two operating and reportable segments, Mineral Sands and Pigment, based on the way the management team was organized and our CODM monitored performance, aligned strategies, and allocated resources.  As a result of the increased interdependency between the Mineral Sands and Pigment businesses and related organizational changes, our CODM determined that it was better to review the Mineral Sands and Pigment businesses, along with our electrolytic business, as a combined one, TiO2, and to assess performance and allocate resources at that level. Following the Alkali Transaction, we restructured our organization to reflect two integrated businesses, TiO2 and Alkali. The change in reportable segments for financial reporting purposes that occurred in the second quarter of 2015 has been retrospectively applied.
 
Our TiO2 operating segment includes the following:
 
 
·
exploration, mining, and beneficiation of mineral sands deposits
 
 
·
production of titanium feedstock (including chloride slag, slag fines, and rutile), pig iron, and zircon
 
 
·
production and marketing of TiO2; and
 
 
·
electrolytic manganese dioxide manufacturing and marketing
 
Our Alkali operating segment includes the mining of trona ore for the production from trona of natural soda ash and its derivatives: sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate and caustic soda (collectively referred to as “alkali-products”).
 
Segment performance is evaluated based on segment operating income (loss), which represents the results of segment operations before unallocated costs, such as general corporate expenses not identified to a specific segment, interest expense, other income (expense), net and income tax expense or benefit.
 
Net sales and income (loss) from operations by segment were as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
TiO2 segment
  
$
333
    
$
409
    
$
618
    
$
794
  
Alkali segment
    
204
      
208
      
394
      
208
  
Net sales (1)
  
$
537
    
$
617
    
$
1,012
    
$
1,002
  
TiO2 segment
  
$
6
    
$
(41
)
  
$
(30
)
  
$
(32
)
Alkali segment
    
11
      
25
      
31
      
25
  
Corporate
    
(9
)
    
(34
)
    
(22
)
    
(52
)
Income (loss) from operations
    
8
      
(50
)
    
(21
)
    
(59
)
Interest and debt expense, net
    
(46
)
    
(52
)
    
(92
)
    
(86
)
Gain on extinguishment of debt
    
—
      
—
      
4
      
—
  
Other income (expense), net
    
—
      
(5
)
    
(9
)
    
(1
)
Loss before income taxes
    
(38
)
    
(107
)
    
(118
)
    
(146
)
Income tax provision
    
(10
)
    
(11
)
    
(22
)
    
(18
)
Net loss
  
$
(48
)
  
$
(118
)
  
$
(140
)
  
$
(164
)
 
(1)
Net sales to external customers, by geographic region, based on country of production, were as follows:
 
 
   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
U.S. operations
  
$
361
    
$
375
    
$
670
    
$
532
  
International operations:
                                
Australia
    
88
      
101
      
164
      
181
  
South Africa
    
49
      
89
      
86
      
181
  
The Netherlands
    
39
      
52
      
92
      
108
  
Total
  
$
537
    
$
617
    
$
1,012
    
$
1,002
  
 
Net sales from external customers for each similar product were as follows:

   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
Pigment
  
$
244
    
$
266
    
$
460
    
$
512
  
Alkali
    
204
      
208
      
394
      
208
  
Titanium feedstock
    
73
      
116
      
130
      
230
  
Electrolytic
    
16
      
27
      
28
      
52
  
Total
  
$
537
    
$
617
    
$
1,012
    
$
1,002
  
 
During the three months ended June 30, 2016, our ten largest third-party TiO2 customers and our ten largest Alkali customers represented approximately 25% and 24%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales. During the three months ended June 30, 2015, our ten largest third-party TiO2 customers and our ten largest Alkali customers represented approximately 27% and 14%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, ANSAC accounted for 13% of our consolidated net sales. During the three months ended June 30, 2015, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated net sales. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, our ten largest third-party TiO2 customers and our ten largest Alkali customers represented approximately 22% and 25%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales; ANSAC accounted for 13% of our consolidated net sales. During the six months ended June 30, 2015, our ten largest third-party TiO2 customers and our ten largest Alkali customers represented approximately 33% and 14%, respectively, of our consolidated net sales; however, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated sales.
 
 
Capital expenditures by segment were as follows:
 
   
Three Months Ended June 30,
    
Six Months Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
    
2016
    
2015
  
TiO2 segment
  
$
18
    
$
57
    
$
35
    
$
88
  
Alkali segment
    
4
      
4
      
20
      
4
  
Corporate
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
1
  
Total
  
$
22
    
$
61
    
$
55
    
$
93
  
 
Total assets by segment were as follows:
 
   
June 30,
2016
    
December 31,
2015
  
TiO2 segment
  
$
2,978
    
$
3,055
  
Alkali segment
    
1,680
      
1,690
  
Corporate
    
235
      
282
  
Total
  
$
4,893
    
$
5,027
  
 
22.
Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements
 
The obligations of Tronox Finance, our wholly-owned subsidiary, under the Senior Notes due 2020  are fully and unconditionally (subject to certain customary circumstances providing for the release of a guarantor subsidiary) guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis, jointly and severally, by Tronox Limited (referred to for purposes of this note only as the “Parent Company”) and each of its current and future restricted subsidiaries, other than excluded subsidiaries, that guarantee any indebtedness of the Parent Company or its restricted subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The Subsidiary Issuer, Tronox Finance, and each of the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned, directly or indirectly, by the Parent Company. Our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Senior Notes due 2020 are referred to as the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.” The guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements presented below presents the statements of operations, statements of comprehensive income (loss), balance sheets and statements of cash flow data for: (i) the Parent Company, the Guarantor Subsidiaries, the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, and the subsidiary issuer, on a consolidated basis (which is derived from Tronox historical reported financial information); (ii) the Parent Company, alone (accounting for our Guarantor Subsidiaries, the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, and Tronox Finance on an equity basis under which the investments are recorded by each entity owning a portion of another entity at cost, adjusted for the applicable share of the subsidiary’s cumulative results of operations, capital contributions and distributions, and other equity changes); (iii) the Guarantor Subsidiaries alone; (iv) the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries alone; and (v) the Subsidiary Issuer, Tronox Finance.
 
The guarantor unaudited condensed consolidating financial statements are presented on a legal entity basis, not on a business segment basis. The indentures governing the Senior Notes due 2020 provide for a Guarantor Subsidiary to be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged from its guarantee obligations in certain customary circumstances, including:
 
 
•
Sale or other disposition of such Guarantor Subsidiary’s capital stock or all or substantially all of its assets and all of the indenture obligations (other than contingent obligations) of such Subsidiary Guarantor in respect of all other indebtedness of the Subsidiary Guarantors terminate upon the consummation of such transaction;
 
 
•
Designation of such Guarantor Subsidiary as an “unrestricted subsidiary” under the indenture;
 
 
•
In the case of certain Guarantor Subsidiaries that incur or guarantee indebtedness under certain credit facilities, upon the release or discharge of such Guarantor Subsidiary’s guarantee or incurrence of indebtedness that resulted in the creation of such guarantee, except a discharge or release as a result of payment under such guarantee;
 
 
•
Legal defeasance, covenant defeasance, or satisfaction and discharge of the indenture obligations;
 
 
•
Payment in full of the aggregate principal amount of all outstanding Senior Notes due 2020 and all other obligations under the indenture; or
 
 
•
Release or discharge of the Guarantor Subsidiary’s guarantee of certain other indebtedness.
 
GUARANTOR CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended June 30, 2016
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars)
 
   
Consolidated
    
Eliminations
    
Tronox
Finance LLC
    
Parent
Company
    
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
    
Non-
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
  
Net sales
  
$
537
    
$
(45
)
  
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
454
    
$
128
  
Cost of goods sold
    
480
      
(52
)
    
—
      
—
      
415
      
117
  
Gross profit
    
57
      
7
      
—
      
—
      
39
      
11
  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    
(50
)
    
1
      
—
      
(4
)
    
(35
)
    
(12
)
Restructuring income
    
1
      
—
      
—
      
—
      
1
      
—
  
Income (loss) from operations
    
8
      
8
      
—
      
(4
)
    
5
      
(1
)
Interest and debt expense, net
    
(46
)
    
—
      
(27
)
    
—
      
(1
)
    
(18
)
Intercompany interest income (expense)
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
126
      
(143
)
    
17
  
Equity in earnings of subsidiary
    
—
      
138
      
—
      
(123
)
    
(15
)
    
—
  
Income (loss) before income taxes
    
(38
)
    
146
      
(27
)
    
(1
)
    
(154
)
    
(2
)
Income tax benefit (provision)
    
(10
)
    
—
      
8
      
(49
)
    
31
      
—
  
Net income (loss)
    
(48
)
    
146
      
(19
)
    
(50
)
    
(123
)
    
(2
)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
    
2
      
2
      
—
      
—
      
—
      
—
  
Net income (loss) attributable to Tronox Limited
  
$
(50
)
  
$
144
    
$
(19
)
  
$
(50
)
  
$
(123
)
  
$
(2
)
 
GUARANTOR CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
(Unaudited)
(Millions of U.S. dollars)
 
   
Consolidated
    
Eliminations
    
Tronox
Finance LLC
    
Parent
Company
    
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
    
Non-
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
  
Net sales
  
$
1,012
    
$
(105
)
  
$
—
    
$
—
    
$
857
    
$
260
  
Cost of goods sold
    
935
      
(109
)
    
—
      
—
      
799
      
245
  
Gross profit
    
77
      
4
      
—
      
—
      
58
      
15
  
Selling, general and administrative expenses
    
(97
)
    
2
      
—
      
(14
)
    
(63
)
    
(22
)
Restructuring expenses
    
(1
)
    
—
      
—
      
—
      
—
      
(1
)
Income (loss) from operations
    
(21
)
    
6
      
—
      
(14
)
    
(5
)
    
(8
)
Interest and debt expense, net
    
(92
)
    
—